Geography Test - 10

Explanation:

• Airways mode of transportation is the fastest mode of transportation.
• The major modes of transportation are basically 4 types.

Airways:

• The way used by the helicopters, aircraft is called as airways.
• Transportation by airways is the fastest among all modes of transportation.
• Travelling by air also provides more comfort.

Waterways:

• The way used by the ships, boats, submarines on rivers, seas, canals, oceans are called waterways.
• The transportation by water is slowest among all other modes but it needs the minimum energy to haul a unit load through a unit distance.
• The waterways are used between two ports or along river and canal where the landing facilities are available.

Railways:

• For travelling and transportation purposes, the way used by trains is called Railways.
• Railways are a more advantageous transportation mode for the long journey to transport the goods and passengers between stations.
• But the metro is used for short-distance transportation.

Roadways:

• The ways used by the Buses, Cars, Bikes, and Trucks on the land are called Roadways.
• It is also used for walking passengers through the footpath.
• It is the mode of transportation in which door-to-door service is provided easily and it helps in all other three modes of transportation facilities.

Option 4 is the correct answer: Trans-Siberian Railway connects St Petersburg to Vladivostok.

• The trans-Siberian railway runs on a railway line spanning a length of11,263 km in Russia.
• It connects St Petersburg located in western Russia with Vladivostok a city in the far East of Russia.
• It crosses eight time zones and diverse topography of Russia.
• The Trans-Siberian Railway is the longest railway in the world.
• It was built between 1891 and 1916 to connect Moscow with the Far-East city of Vladivostok.

The correct answer is Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

• Panama Canal connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
• The Panama Canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans is a water passage across the isthmus of Panama where it proved a vital component of expanding global trade routes in the 20th century.
• The Panama Canal was opened in 1914 since the startup of its creation by France in 1881and later on handed over to the US in 1904.
• The canal consists of artificial lakes, several improved and artificial channels, and three sets of locks as well as an additional artificial lake, Alajuela Lake (known during the American era as Madden Lake) which acts as a reservoir for the canal.
• It decreases the distance to go all around South America and anyone can go directly through this canal.

The correct answer is None of the above.

Key Points

• There are a total of 18 railway zones in India.

The correct answer is Increase the volume of international trade through the removal of restrictions on trade gradually.

Key Points

• The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.
• At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments.

• Objectives​ of WTO:

  • Negotiating the reduction or elimination of obstacles to trade (import tariffs, other trade barriers) and agreeing on rules governing the conduct of international trade (e.g. anti-dumping, subsidies, product standards, etc.).
  • Administering and monitoring the application of the WTO's agreed rules for trade in goods, trade in services, and trade-related intellectual property rights.
  • Monitoring and reviewing the trade policies of our members, as well as ensuring transparency of regional and bilateral trade agreements. 
  • Settling disputes among our members regarding the interpretation and application of the agreements.
  • Building capacity of developing country government officials in international trade matters.
  • Assisting the process of accession of some 30 countries who are not yet members of the organization.
  • Conducting economic research and collecting and disseminating trade data in support of the WTO's other main activities.
  • Explaining to and educating the public about the WTO, its mission, and its activities.

Important Points

• WTO is an international organization set up in 1995 by replacing the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) under the Marrakesh Agreement.
• The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.
• The WTO has 164 members (including European Union) and 23 observer governments (like Iran, Iraq, Bhutan, Libya etc).
•  Its HQ is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
• Currently, WTO has 164 members and India is a founding member of WTO.
• Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala is the seventh Director-General of the WTO. She took office on 1 March 2021, becoming the first woman and the first African to serve as Director-General. Her term of office will expire on 31 August 2025.

The correct answer is 1911.

• Air transport is the fastest means of movement from one place to the other.
• It has reduced distances by minimizing travel time. It is essential for a vast country like India, where distances are large and the terrain and climatic conditions are diverse.
• Air transport in India made a beginning in 1911 when airmail operation commenced over a little distance of 10 km between Allahabad and Naini.

Key Points

• The Airport Authority of India is responsible for providing safe, efficient air traffic and aeronautical communication services in the Indian Air Space.
• The authority manages 125 airports. Air transport in India is managed by Air India.
• Now, many private companies have also started passenger services. Air India provides International Air Services for both passengers and cargo traffic. It connects all the continents of the world through its services. 

Important Points

• In 1947 Air transport was provided by four major companies namely Indian National Airways, Tata Sons Limited, Air Services of India, and Deccan Airways.
• In 1951 Four more companies joined the services, Bharat Airways, Himalayan Aviation Limited, Airways India, and Kalinga Airlines.
• In 1953 Air transport was nationalized and two Corporations, Air India International and Indian Airlines were formed.

The correct answer is 1960.

Key Points

• Border Road Organisation (BRO) was formed on 7th May 1960 to secure India's borders and develop infrastructure in remote areas of the north and north-east states of the country. 
• Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the great visionary and first Prime Minister of India conceptualized Border Roads Organization in 1960.
• BRO has constructed 43567 Km of roads in difficult, remote areas of the country. 
• The organization has been able to construct roads in areas covered with snow for six months in a year.

Additional Information

• Mission of BRO
  • To support the armed forces to meet their strategic needs by committed, dedicated, and cost-effective development.
  • Through a focus on core competencies to ensure the highest level of skill and proficiency in construction activity. 
  • To create the environment for accurate, real-time and effective decision making through optimized use of information technology.
  • To help enrich the quality of life of the community and ensure all-round growth. 
• The work on the construction of a 9 Kms long Rohtang tunnel and related access roads to its portals with the cost of tunnel Project over Rs 1000 crore has opened a new chapter, in the recognition of the diverse capabilities of the organization.

The correct answer is Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai.

Key Points 

• The Golden Quadrilateral is a national highway network connecting most of the major industrial, agricultural, and cultural centres of India.
• It forms a quadrilateral connecting the four major metro cities of India, viz., Delhi (north), Kolkata (East), Mumbai (west), and Chennai (south).
• The main objective of these superhighways is to reduce the distance and time between the four megacities of India.
• Other cities connected by this network include Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Balasore, Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Durgapur, Jaipur, Kanpur, Pune, Kolhapur, Surat, Vijayawada, Ajmer, Vizag, Bodhgaya, Varanasi, Allahabad, Agra, Mathura, Dhanbad, Gandhinagar, Udaipur, and Vadodara. 

• The maximum density of Roads is in Goa.
• National Highways are 2% of the total Roads in India.
• National Highways are the longest in Uttar Pradesh.
• Total Road length is maximum in Maharashtra.
• In the world, the maximum length of Roads is in the USA. 

The Correct Answer is Water transport.

Important Points

​Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.

• They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
• It is a fuel-efficient and environment-friendly mode of transport.
• The amount for loading and unloading goods is much cheaper if it has to travel a long distance.

Key Points 

Railways are the principal mode of transportation for carrying huge loads and bulky goods for long and short distances in India.

• Railways have become more important in India’s economy.
• However, rail transport suffers from certain problems as well, which are mentioned below:
  • Construction of bridges is required across rivers’ wide beds for laying down the railway lines.
  • In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracks are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels.
  • The Himalayan mountainous regions are also unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to the highest elevation points on the surface, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities.
  • It is difficult to lay railway lines on sandy plains.

Additional Information

• Road transport is a form of transport which uses roads. It can be roughly categorized into transporting goods and transporting people.
• Air transport is an essential enabler for industrial growth and prosperity to be accomplished.

Rail transport is a means of transferring passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are located on tracks.

Key Points

Trans-Siberian Railway:

• The Trans–Siberian Railway (TSR) is a network of railways connecting Western Russia to the Russian Far East. 
• It is the longest railway line in the world, with a length of over 9,289 kilometers (5,772 miles), starting from the capital Moscow, the largest city in Europe, and ending at Vladivostok, close to the North Korea–Russia border.
• The Trans-Siberian Railway has directly connected Moscow with Vladivostok since 1916.
• Expansion of the railway system continues as of 2020, with connecting rails going into Asia, namely Mongolia, China, and North Korea. 
• There are also plans to connect Tokyo, the capital of Japan, to the railway.
• The railway is often associated with the main transcontinental Russian line that connects hundreds of large and small cities of the European and Asian parts of Russia.
• A second primary route is the Trans-Manchurian, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian east of Chita as far as Tarskaya (a stop 12 km), about 1,000 km east of Lake Baikal.
• The third primary route is the Trans-Mongolian Railway, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian as far as Ulan-Ude on Lake Baikal's eastern shore. From Ulan-Ude, the Trans-Mongolian heads south to Ulaan-Baatar before making its way southeast to Beijing. 

Hence, the correct answer is Trans-Siberian Railway.

Additional Information

• Xining-Lahasa Railway: 
  • The length of the Xining Lhasa Railway (Qinghai Tibet Railway) is 1972km (1225 miles). It takes only about 21 hours to take a train to Lhasa from Xining. The line includes the Tanggula Pass, which, at 5,072 m (16,640 ft) above sea level, is the world's highest point on a railway.
• Chicago-Indianapolis Railway: 
  • The Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad (reporting mark CWI) was the owner of Dearborn Station in Chicago and the trackage leading to it.
• Beijing-Guangzhou Railway: 
  • The Beijing–Guangzhou railway or Jingguang railway is a major trunk railway that connects Beijing in the north with Guangzhou in the south. This double-track electrified line has a total length of 2,324 kilometers and spans five provinces through north, central and south China.