Geography Test - 4

The correct answer is Africa.

Key Points

• Growth of Population -

(Figures are in percentage)

• As seen from the above table Africa has the highest growth.

The correct answer is Social Inequality.

• Social Inequality is not used to calculate the Human Development Index (HDI).

Key Points

•  Human Development Index:
  • The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical tool that is used to measure a country's overall achievement in social and economic dimensions.
  • The social and economic dimensions of a country depending on the health of people, their level of educational attainment, and their standard of living.
  • A country scores a higher HDI if the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the GDP per capital is higher.

Additional Information

• Mahbub ul Haq a Pakistani economist created HDI in 1990 which was further used to measure the country's development by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). 
• United Nations releases the Human Development Report.
• The UNDP also releases:
  • Multidimensional Poverty Index
  • Gender Inequality Index

The correct answer is Kerala.

Key Points

• According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Index, India ranks 131 among 189 countries in the 2020 human development index.
• Score of India = 0.645.
• A/c to the report, Score of Kerala = 0.782, Tamil Nadu = 0.709, Punjab = 0.724, Haryana = 0.708.
  • Hence, Option 2 is correct.

Additional Information

• The Human Development Index (HDI) combines indicators of life expectancy, education or access to knowledge and income or standard of living, capturing the level and changes to the quality of life.
• Based on three Basic Dimensions of Human Development:
  • A long and healthy life,
  • Access to knowledge, and
  • A decent standard of living.

Important Points 

The concept of migration and change in population:

• Population is a complex phenomena.
• The population's numbers, distribution and structure are continuously changing.
• This is the effect of the three cycles, including births, deaths and migrations.
• Population increase refers to the change in the number of a country/inhabitants territories over a given period of time, such as over the last ten years.
• It is possible to express such a change in two ways: in terms of actual numbers and in terms of percentage change per year.
• The movement of persons through regions and territories is migration.

Internal migration:

• Internal migration (within the country) or foreign (between countries) could be possible.
• Internal migration does not alter the population size, but alters the population distribution within the country.

External migration:

• External migration involves leaving one country to live in another.
• This type of migration is also an age-old phenomenon, but the most dramatic example of it took place in modern times.

Key PointsEffects of migration:

• In shifting the structure and distribution of the population, migration plays a very significant role.
• In India owing to the "push" element in rural areas, most migration has been from rural to urban areas.
• There are the unfavourable circumstances of rural poverty and unemployment and the 'pull' of the city in terms of improved prospects for jobs and better living conditions.
• A major determinant of demographic transition is migration.
• In terms of age and sex ratio, it modifies not just the population scale, but also the population composition of urban and rural populations.
• Rural-urban migration in India has led to a gradual growth in the proportion of the population in cities and towns.

Hence, both the area of departure and arrival will change the Migrations number, distribution and composition of the population.

Demographic structure describes the age distribution of a population and thereby is also called population age structure. It is usually measured by the total dependency ratio, which is the ratio of the total number of the dependent population,​ aged below 15 and above 65 years, to that of the working-age population.

• Demography is widely used for various purposes and can encompass small, targeted populations or mass populations. Governments use demography for political observations, scientists use demography for research purposes, and businesses use demography for the purpose of advertising.
• The demographic dividend is one of the most popular and commonly used types of market segmentation as it refers to statistical data about a group of people.
• The market is segmented based on demographic factors like age, gender, income, education, annual income, ethnicity, etc. Demographics can be used to describe and predict the future population of any area.
• The theory tells us about the demographic cycle which states that the population of any region changes from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses from rural agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society.

Key Points

• India’s age distribution has remained remarkably stable with a large and virtually constant proportion of young people.
• In a closed population such as that of India, the large proportion of children points to high levels of fertility. The age distribution also suggests a high dependency ratio.
• Demographic change is thus one of the most pressing problems facing the modern world today. The problems are different, specific to societies and countries, and are closely related to wider economic and social changes.
• Attempt to understand demographic change without reference to time and region-specific context has failed.
• The relationship between development and demographic problems is so closely intermeshed, that both in the past and in today’s world.
• The population is more visible and easily quantifiable than the underlying processes of global economic, political, and social change. That is held culpable for a range of problems. 
• Overall, demographic structure plays a vital role in shaping and destroying our life, economy, education, etc.

Therefore, Demographic structure plays a key role in making us who we are.

The correct answer is Maharashtra.

Key Points

• Maharashtra receives maximum immigrants.
  • It is followed by Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana.
• Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are the states which had the largest number of migrants among all the states.
  • According to the 2011 Census, 20.9 million people migrated outside the state from the two states i.e: U.P and Bihar.
  • This is 37% of the total number of people who were inter-state migrants.
• According to the census, four states, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh accounted for 50% of India’s total inter-state migrants.
• On the other side, Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana housed 50% of the country’s inter-state migrants.  

Additional Information

•  An immigrant is “a person who has moved to another country, usually for permanent residence.”

The correct answer is Goa.

Key Points

• As per the 2011 census,
  • 833.5 million persons live in rural areas i.e: 2/3rd of the total population while, 377.1 million persons live in urban areas. 
  • The urban population proportion is 31.2%.
• Among states, Goa is the most urbanised State with a 62.2% urban population
• Among all the States and Union territories, the National Capital Territory of Delhi and Chandigarh are most urbanized with 97.5% and 97.25% urban population respectively, followed by Daman and Diu (75.2%) and Puducherry (68.3%).
• Among the North-Eastern States, Mizoram is most urbanised with 51.5% urban population.
• Among major states, Tamil Nadu continues to be the most urbanized state with 48.4% of the population living in urban areas.
  • It is followed by Kerala (47.7%) and Maharashtra (45.2%).

The correct answer is A graphical presentation of the age, sex composition of a population.

Key Points

• Population Pyramid:
  • A population pyramid is a graph that shows the distribution of ages across a population divided down the center between male and female members of the population.
  • A population pyramid is used to show the age-sex structure of the population. Hence statement 1 is correct.
  • The graphic starts from youngest at the bottom to oldest at the top.
  • It is called a population pyramid because when a population is growing, the graphic forms the shape of a triangle.
  • A population pyramid can be used to compare differences between male and female populations of an area.
  • They also show the number of dependents (children and, sometimes, elderly people) and the general structure of the population at any given moment.

                                                                A population pyramid

• A stationary population is a special example of a stable population with a zero growth rate, neither growing nor shrinking in size, and is equivalent to a life table population.
• By definition, stable populations have age-specific fertility and mortality rates that remain constant over time.
• It thus follows that a population is considered non-stationary if either its growth rate is nonzero and/or its age structure is non-constant.
• Population pyramids help show how populations are composed and how they are changing.
• Here is a population pyramid showing various age groups: baby boomers, generation X, generation Y, and generation Z. Typically, there are three trends in population pyramids: expansive, constrictive, and stationary.
• These illustrate the trajectory of a regional population, which may be growing, shrinking, or staying the same.

• A population pyramid is a graph that shows the distribution of ages across a population divided down the center between male and female members of the population.
• The graphic starts from youngest at the bottom to oldest at the top. It is called a population pyramid because when a population is growing (there are more babies being born than there are people dying), the graphic forms the shape of a triangle.
• A population pyramid can be used to compare differences between male and female populations of an area.
• They also show the number of dependents (children and, sometimes, elderly people) and general structure of the population at any given moment.

The stationary population is when population growth is zero. Therefore Option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Bihar.

Key Points

• For census 2011, a person aged seven and above, who can both read and write with understanding in any language, is treated as literate.
• A person, who can only read but cannot write, is not literate.
• In the censuses before 1991, children below five years of age were necessarily treated as illiterates.
• The results of the 2011 census revealed that there has been an increase in literacy in the country.
• The literacy rate in the country is 74.04%, 82.14% for males, and 65.46% for females.
• Kerala retained its position by being on top with a 93.91% literacy rate, closely followed by Lakshadweep (92.28%) and Mizoram (91.58%).
• Bihar with a literacy rate of 63.82% ranks last in the country preceded by Arunachal Pradesh (66.95%) and Rajasthan (67.06%).
• Today, the female literacy levels according to the Literacy Rate 2011 census are 65.46% where the male literacy rate is over 8