GK & Current Affairs Test - 8

The correct answer is Boiling Point increases.

Key Points

Concept:

• Elevation in the boiling point refers to a condition where the temperature at which a solvent vaporizes is upraised.  
• This phenomenon is a result of the introduction of a non-volatile solute is to the pure solvent.
• The non-volatile solute on adding to the pure solvent disturbs the molecular interaction between the solvent molecule. 
• This reduces the capability of the solvent molecule to transform from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase. The vapour pressure of the solvent is brought down. 
• Thus more energy is required to vaporize the solvent. This energy is provided in the form of an increase in temperature.

Explanation:

• Salt is a non-volatile solute. When it is added to pure water, it interacts with the water molecules and also occupies sites between the top layer of water molecules.
• The intermolecular attraction between salt-water molecules is greater than water-water molecules.
• When water is heated at 100ºC ( Boiling Point of water), the salt molecules makes it difficult for the water molecules to evaporate due to greater attractive forces.
• So, to reach the vaporization stage higher temperature is required. Therefore, when salt is added to water, the boiling point of water increases.

Additional Information

• The boiling point of a solvent is a temperature at which the vapour pressure of the solvent becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure.
• On introducing an agent to the solvent that decreases the vapour pressure of the solvent, the Boiling point is increased.
• On introducing an agent to the solvent that increases the vapour pressure of the solvent, the Boiling point is decreased.

The correct answer is Kidney failure.

Key Points

• Dialysis is used for patients having kidney trouble.
  • Dialysis is a treatment that filters and purifies the blood using a machine.
  • This helps keep your fluids and electrolytes in balance when the kidneys can't do their job.
  • Dialysis has been used since the 1940s to treat people with kidney problems.
  • If the kidneys fail completely, the only treatment options available are dialysis for the rest of your life or transplant.

Additional Information

• Functions of Kidney:
  • kidneys prevent extra water, waste, and other impurities from accumulating in your body.  
  • They also help control blood pressure and regulate the levels of chemical elements in the blood.
  • These elements may include sodium and potassium.
  • Your kidneys even activate a form of vitamin D that improves the absorption of calcium.
• Types of Dialysis:
  • Hemodialysis - 
    • This process uses an artificial kidney to remove waste and extra fluid from the blood.
    • The blood is removed from the body and filtered through the artificial kidney.
    • The filtered blood is then returned to the body with the help of a dialysis machine.
  • Peritoneal dialysis:
    • Peritoneal dialysis involves surgery to implant a peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter into your abdomen.
    • The catheter helps filter your blood through the peritoneum, a membrane in your abdomen.
    • During treatment, a special fluid called dialysate flows into the peritoneum.
    • The dialysate absorbs waste.
    • Once the dialysate draws waste out of the bloodstream, it’s drained from your abdomen.
    • This process takes a few hours and needs to be repeated four to six times per day.

The correct answer is Fermentation.

Key Points

• Fermentation:
  • The biological process, in which sugar molecules are converted into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide with the help of some microbes like yeast and bacteria is called alcohol fermentation.
  • It is an anaerobic process. i.e. it occurs in the absence of oxygen.
  • The process is governed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase
  • Alcoholic fermentation has many uses such as for the production of alcoholic beverages, ethanol fuel, and bread cooking.

Additional Information

• Moulding:
  • ​Moulding is a typical process in which a type of fungus grows the surface of fruits and vegetables.
  • These tubular branches have multiple, genetically identical nuclei, yet form a single organism, known as a colony.
  • In contrast, yeast is a type of fungus that grows as a single cell.
• Nitrogen Fixation:
  • Nitrogen fixation is the chemical process by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds, especially by certain microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle. 
  • Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by several methods like biological N2 fixation, Industrial N2 fixation & Electrical N2 fixation.
  • It is a necessary process, as the fixed nitrogen is used in the biosynthesis of several organic compounds like amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, etc.
• Transcription:
  • ​The process of copying genetic information from one strand of DNA into RNA is termed transcription or mRNA synthesis.
  • The process of transcription begins when an enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to the template DNA strand and begins to catalyze the production of complementary RNA.
  • It is completed in three steps Initiation, Elongation & Termination.

Here the correct answer is Vitamin C.

• Vitamin C behaves as an antioxidant.

Key Points

• Vitamin C is well known for its antioxidant properties protecting cellular structures from the harmful effects of free radicals.
• Antioxidants are found in certain foods and may prevent some of the damage caused by free radicals by neutralizing them.
  • These include the nutrient antioxidants, vitamins A, C, and E, and the minerals copper, zinc, and selenium.
• Antioxidants scavenge free radicals from the body cells and prevent or reduce the damage caused by oxidation.
• Plant foods are rich sources of antioxidants. They are most abundant in fruits and vegetables, as well as other foods including nuts, whole grains, and some meats, poultry, and fish.

Additional Information

• Vitamin C:
  • Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin.
  • This means that it dissolves in water and is delivered to the body’s tissues but is not well stored, so it must be taken daily through food or supplements. 
  • Vitamin C plays a role in controlling infections and healing wounds and is a powerful antioxidant that can neutralize harmful free radicals.
• Vitamin A:
  • The two main forms of vitamin A in the human diet are preformed vitamin A (retinol, retinyl esters), and provitamin A carotenoids such as beta-carotene that are converted to retinol.
  • Vitamin A is currently listed on the Nutrition Facts label measured in international units (IU).
• Vitamin D:
  • Vitamin D is both a nutrient we eat and a hormone our bodies make.
  • It is a fat-soluble vitamin that has long been known to help the body absorb and retain calcium and phosphorus; both are critical for building bone.
• Vitamin B:
  • B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism and synthesis of red blood cells.
  • Though these vitamins share similar names, they are chemically distinct compounds that often coexist in the same foods.

The correct answer is Dyne.

Key Points

• CGS System
  • In this system, the units of length, mass, and time are centimeter, gram, and second respectively.
  • It is also called Gaussian System.
• Force
  • Any action which causes pull or push on a body is called force.
  • It is a vector quantity.
  • Its SI unit is Newton and the CGS unit is Dyne.
  • 1 newton= 10⁵dyne.

Additional Information

• Watt
  • It is a SI unit of Power.
  • Power is the time rate of work done by a body.
  • Power is a scalar quantity.
  • Power= Work/Time
• Erg
  • It is a CGS unit of Work.
  • When a body is displaced by applying force on it, then work is said to be done.
  • Its SI unit is Newton-meter or Joule
  • It is a scalar quantity.
  • 1 joule= 10⁷erg

The correct answer is Manometer.

Key Points

• Manometer
  • It is used to measure the pressure of gases.
  • The pressure is measured in units of force per unit of surface area.
  • The manometer is placed against a measuring scale to allow any difference in the height which is used to make relative comparisons between test pressures.

Additional Information

The correct answer is O₂.

Important Points

• Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, usually from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released.

  • The process by which green plants transform light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

• The process of photosynthesis is commonly written as

 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

• This means that the reactants, six carbon dioxide molecules, and six water molecules, are converted by light energy captured by chlorophyll into a sugar molecule and six oxygen molecules, the products.
• Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts specifically, in the grana and stroma regions.

The correct answer is Frictional force.

Key Points

• The Force that opposes the motion of an object is called frictional force.
• Friction is caused by the irregularities on the two surfaces in contact.
• Friction depends on the nature of surfaces in contact.
• Force of friction is greater if a rough surface is involved.
• The force of friction always opposes the applied force.

Important Points

• We walk on the ground due to the frictional force.
• It is difficult to walk on a smooth and wet floor due to the absence of frictional force.
• Frictional force helps a vehicle to stop with the sudden breaks.
• The substances which reduce friction are called lubricants.
• The frictional force exerted by fluids is also called drag.
• Fluid friction can be minimized by giving suitable shapes to bodies moving in fluids.

Additional Information

• The force that pulls the body towards the earth is called the gravitational force.
• Magnetic force is the force of attraction or repulsion between electrically charged particles due to their motion.
• Muscular force is the force exerted using our body parts like arms or legs.

The correct answer is Gypsum.

Explanation:

• Gypsum is the name given to a mineral categorized as calcium sulfate mineral, and its chemical formula is calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaSO₄⋅ 2H₂O.
• Plaster of Paris is prepared by heating calcium sulfate dihydrate, or gypsum, to 120–180 °C.
• The chemical formula for the plaster of Paris is (CaSO₄) 1/2H₂O and is better known as calcium sulfate hemihydrate.
• Plaster of Paris does not generally shrink or crack when dry, making it an excellent medium for casting moulds.
• It is commonly used to precast and hold parts of ornamental plasterwork installed on ceilings and cornices.
• It is also used in medicine to make plaster casts to immobilize broken bones while they heal, though many modern orthopaedic casts are made of fibreglass or thermoplastics.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Sulphuric Acid.

Important Points

• Sulphuric acid is an oily liquid that is viscous in nature. It is soluble in water and is a component of acid rain. The chemical formula of this compound is H2SO4.
  • ​Because the basic reactions in the battery involve uptake and release of sulphuric acid molecules, an electrolyte of sulphuric acid is used in these Car-batteries.
• ​Acetic acid (CH3COOH), also called ethanoic acid, the most important of the carboxylic acids.
  • Industrially, acetic acid is used in the preparation of metal acetates, used in some printing processes; vinyl acetate, employed in the production of plastics; cellulose acetate, used in making photographic films and textiles; and volatile organic esters (such as ethyl and butyl acetates), widely used as solvents for resins, paints, and lacquers.
• Nitric acid is used in the production of ammonium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate which find applications as fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate is also used in the manufacturing of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) used in fertilizer formulations and also as explosives.
•  Hydrochloric acid also known as muriatic acid, is a poisonous, corrosive hazardous liquid that reacts with most metals to form explosive hydrogen gas and causes severe burns and irritation of eyes and mucous membranes.
  • Our stomachs make this chemical naturally which further helps in the digestion of food. Hydrochloric acid acidifies the stomach contents.
  • This acid is also found primarily in several industries like rubber, textiles, and even in photography.