Political Science Test - 14

The correct answer is International Monetary Fund.

Key Points

• The Bretton Woods Conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with the external surpluses and deficits of its member nations.
• The IMF and the World Bank together are referred to as the Bretton Woods Twins.
• The IMF and the World Bank began financial operations in 1947.
• The framework of the post-war economic system was agreed upon at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.

 Thus, we can say that International Monetary Fund was established in the Bretton Woods Conference to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations.

The correct answer is None of these.

Key Points

• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.
• Its original members were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Joining the original signatories were Greece and Turkey (1952); West Germany (1955; from 1990 as Germany); Spain (1982); the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland (1999); Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia (2004); Albania and Croatia (2009); Montenegro (2017); and North Macedonia (2020).
• NATO was the first peacetime military alliance the United States entered into outside of the Western Hemisphere. After the destruction of the Second World War, the nations of Europe struggled to rebuild their economies and ensure their security.
• The former required a massive influx of aid to help the war-torn landscapes re-establish industries and produce food, and the latter required assurances against a resurgent Germany or incursions from the Soviet Union.
• The United States viewed an economically strong, rearmed, and integrated Europe as vital to the prevention of communist expansion across the continent. As a result, Secretary of State George Marshall proposed a program of large-scale economic aid to Europe.
• The resulting European Recovery Program, or Marshall Plan, not only facilitated European economic integration but promoted the idea of shared interests and cooperation between the United States and Europe. Soviet refusal either to participate in the Marshall Plan or to allow its satellite states in Eastern Europe to accept the economic assistance helped to reinforce the growing division between east and west in Europe.

The correct answer is the 38th parallel.

Key Points

• The boundary between North and South Korea is marked by the 38th parallel.
• U.S. Colonels Charles Bonesteel and Dean Rusk met on August 10, 1945, to develop a plan to divide Korea into two zones of occupation.
• Using a National Geographic map, they noticed that the 38th parallel roughly divided Korea in half.
• A demilitarized zone (DMZ) was created along the boundary. The border came into existence roughly around 1953.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• The Warsaw Treaty Organization (also known as the Warsaw Pact) was a political and military alliance established on May 14, 1955 between the USSR (Soviet Union) and several Eastern European countries.
• The organization (Warsaw Treaty Organization) was composed originally of the Soviet Union and Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. (Albania withdrew in 1968, and East Germany did so in 1990.) The treaty (which was renewed on April 26, 1985) provided for a unified military command and for the maintenance of Soviet military units on the territories of the other participating states.
• The Soviet Union formed this alliance as a counterbalance to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a collective security alliance concluded between the United States, Canada and Western European nations in 1949.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), also known as the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), is an arms control agreement intended to restrict the testing of nuclear weapons and limit nuclear proliferation
• The LTBT was initially a trilateral agreement between the United States, Soviet Union, and United Kingdom. Signed in Moscow on August 5, 1963, the original signatories sought “an end to the contamination of man’s environment by radioactive substances.” As a result, the treaty prohibits testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, underwater, and in outer space. It does, however, permit nuclear test explosions underground.
• Ratified by the United States Senate on September 24, 1963, the LTBT entered into force and opened for signature by other countries on October 10, 1963.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• Kwame Nkrumah was a Ghanaian nationalist leader who led the Gold Coast’s drive for independence from Britain and presided over its emergence as the new nation of Ghana. He headed the country from independence in 1957 until he was overthrown by a coup in 1966.
• With the publication of Kwame Nkrumah’s Neo-colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism in 1965, the term neocolonialism came to the fore. Neocolonialism has since become a theme in African philosophy around which a body of literature has evolved and has been written and studied by scholars in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond.
• As a theme of African philosophy, reflection on the term neocolonialism requires a critical reflection upon the present socio-economic and political state of Africa after independence from colonial rule and upon the continued existence of the influences of the ex-colonizers’ socio-economic and political ideologies in Africa.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• The Collapse of the Soviet Union was a sequence of events that led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 31, 1991. The former superpower was replaced by 15 independent countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• Cold War was the open yet restricted rivalry that developed after World War II between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. The Cold War was waged on political, economic, and propaganda fronts and had only limited recourse to weapons. These powers avoided being involved in direct confrontations.
• ​The Cold War reached its peak in 1948–53. In this period the Soviets unsuccessfully blockaded the Western-held sectors of West Berlin (1948–49); the United States and its European allies formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a unified military command to resist the Soviet presence in Europe (1949); the Soviets exploded their first atomic warhead (1949), thus ending the American monopoly on the atomic bomb; the Chinese communists came to power in mainland China (1949); and the Soviet-supported communist government of North Korea invaded U.S.-supported South Korea in 1950, setting off an indecisive Korean War that lasted until 1953.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• Vladimir Lenin was the founder of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), inspirer and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), and the architect, builder, and first head (1917–24) of the Soviet state.
• He was the founder of the organization known as Comintern (Communist International) and the posthumous source of “Leninism,” the doctrine codified and conjoined with Karl Marx’s works by Lenin’s successors to form Marxism-Leninism, which became the Communist worldview.
• If the Bolshevik Revolution is—as some people have called it—the most significant political event of the 20th century, then Lenin must for good or ill be regarded as the century’s most significant political leader.
• Not only in the scholarly circles of the former Soviet Union but even among many non-Communist scholars, he has been regarded as both the greatest revolutionary leader and revolutionary statesman in history, as well as the greatest revolutionary thinker since Marx.

The correct answer is USA and USSR.

Key Points

• Détente was a period of the easing of Cold War tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union from 1967 to 1979. The era was a time of increased trade and cooperation with the Soviet Union and the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) treaties. Relations cooled again with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
• U.S. Pres. Richard M. Nixon, who came into office at the beginning of 1969, believed that his track record as a staunch anti-communist and tough negotiator would win conservative support for his efforts at détente. In his inaugural address, Nixon proclaimed, “We are entering an era of negotiation,” and he went on to say:
• By improving U.S. relations with China and becoming the first U.S. president to visit that country since it came under communist rule, Nixon compelled the Soviet Union to be more open to political overtures from the United States.
• In May 1972, some three months after his visit to China, Nixon traveled to Moscow, where he met with Premier Aleksey N. Kosygin and Communist Party leader Leonid Brezhnev.
• They discussed matters such as arms limitation, prevention of nuclear war, and increased trade between the United States and the Soviet Union. The most important immediate outcome of that summit meeting was the signing, on May 26, of SALT I.