Political Science Test - 23

Explanation:

• The Chakmas and Hajongs are ethnic people who lived in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, most of which are located in Bangladesh.
• They are found in northeast India like in Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal and in, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.
• Chakmas are predominantly Buddhists, while Hajongs are Hindus.
• Mizos are Indigenous people found in Mizoram.

Eskimos are the indigenous circumpolar peoples who have traditionally inhabited the northern circumpolar region from eastern Siberia (Russia) to Alaska (United States), Canada, and Greenland (Denmark).

• Today, the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) is composed of approximately 160,000 Inuit people living across Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Russia.
• The two main peoples known as "Eskimo" are the Inuit—including the Alaskan Inupiat peoples, the Greenlandic Inuit, and the mass-grouping Inuit peoples of Canada—and the Yupik of eastern Siberia and Alaska.
• A third northern group, the Aleut, is closely related to both.
• They share a relatively recent common ancestor and a language group (Eskimo-Aleut).
• The Chukchi People, from Siberia, are also the closest living relatives of Inuit, and the Yupik people.

Thus, it is clear that Eskimo nomadic hunters are in Greenland.

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

• Australian Aboriginal peoples, one of the two distinct groups of Indigenous peoples of Australia, the other being the Torres Strait Islander peoples.
• It has long been conventionally held that Australia is the only continent where the entire Indigenous population maintained a single kind of adaptation—hunting and gathering—into modern times.
• It is generally held that Australian Aboriginal peoples originally came from Asia via insular Southeast Asia (now Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, and the Philippines) and have been in Australia for at least 45,000–50,000 years.
• According to traditional scholarship, aboriginal people were hunter-gatherers who grew no crops and did not domesticate animals (apart from the dingo), so they were directly dependent on their natural environment.
• On the other hand, some historians and archaeologists in the 21st century argued that Aboriginal people employed agricultural practices that were far too sophisticated to be characterized as hunting and gathering.
• Nevertheless, the conventional interpretation holds that the Aboriginal people, though nomadic, had a very strong sense of attachment to sites and areas in their home territory, where most of their hunting and gathering was done.

Biogas is an energy resources has the least environmental impact during its lifecycle.

Important Points Biogas:

• Biogas is an environmentally friendly, renewable energy source.
• It’s produced when organic matter, such as food or animal waste, is broken down by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, in a process called anaerobic digestion.
• For this to take place, the waste material needs to be enclosed in an environment where there is no oxygen.
• It can occur naturally or as part of an industrial process to intentionally create biogas as a fuel.

Advantages:

• Biogas is a green energy source in form of electricity and heat for the local grid.
• Considerable environmental advantages - less emission of the greenhouse gasses methane, CO₂, and nitrous oxide.
• Environmentally friendly recirculation of organic waste from industry and households.
• Fewer odor inconveniences when spreading slurry on the fields - fermented slurry smells considerably less than normal slurry and the smell decreases faster.
• Plants absorb fermented slurry better, increasing the yield on the fields.
• Protection of subsoil water - improved nitrogen exploitation reduces leaching and thereby drinking water contamination.
• Reduced costs for artificial fertilizer.

Hence, biogas is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Increased human population.

Key Points

• As the human population is increasing at an astounding rate, we have reached a number of 7.4 billion today.
• Naturally, this means that we are utilizing more and more natural resources.
• If we go at this rate, we will soon reach a day when nature will not be able to provide us with resources such as plants and trees, animals, mineral ores, fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Thus, these resources are exhaustible.
• These resources are called exhaustible or non-renewable resources.
• Natural resources include oil, coal, natural gas, metals, stone, and sand. Air, sunlight, soil, and water are other natural resources.

The correct answer is A person living in mountainous terrain.

Key Points

• Environmental vulnerability is defined as a function of environmental exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity.
• The concept of Environmental vulnerability combines two factors, namely biophysical and socioeconomic factors.
• Biophysical factors are generally associated with environmental exposure while socioeconomic factors are related to sensitivity.
• An example of environmental vulnerability is a person living in mountainous terrain.
• Natural resource depletion and resource degradation are key aspects of environmental vulnerability.

 Thus, we can say that if a person is living in a mountanious terrain, it is an example of environmental vulnerability.

The correct answer is the Tata Iron and Steel Company.

Key Points

Tata Iron and Steel Company 

• The first and one of the largest manufacturing plants in Asia is Tata Iron and Steel Company, also known as TISCO.
• Tata iron and steel Company is situated in Jharkhand which was founded by Jamsetji Tata in 1907 and is the oldest steel plant in India.
• Tata Iron and Steel Company or TISCO is the first iron and steel manufacturing plant in India which was founded and established by Jamsetji Tata and Dorabji Tata respectively on 26^th August 1907 at Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.
• Tata iron and steel Company started production of pig iron in the year 1911 and production of steel in the year 1912.
• Tata iron and steel Company made rapid progress during the First World War and by 1939, the largest steel plant was operated by Tata iron and steel Company within the British Empire.
• The establishment of Tata Iron and Steel Company at Jamshedpur includes various advantages like it is near to deposits of coal and manganese, iron ores, and even to Kolkata which provided a large market.
• An adequate water supply is ensured by the rivers Kharkai and Subarnarekha.
• The headquarters of Tata iron and steel company is in Mumbai, Maharashtra and its marketing headquarters are situated in Kolkata and West Bengal.

Concept:

​Green politics:

• Green politics can be defined as a political ideology whose aim is to create an ecologically sustainable society whose roots lie in environmentalism, non-violence, social justice and democracy.
• It began in the western world in 1970.
• Supporters of Green Politics share ideas with ecology conservation, environmentalism, feminism and peace movements.
• Green politics, often known as ecopolitics, is a political theory based on ecology and other social issues.
• The party is typically considered left-wing on the political spectrum.

Explanation:

Green politics aim:

Environmentalism, non-violence, social justice and democracy

• Environmentalism is a philosophy that emphasises humans' need to respect, defend, and preserve the natural environment from anthropogenic (human-caused) diseases.
• At all levels, improve democratic institutions and ensure transparency and accountability in governance, as well as broad involvement in decision-making and access to justice.
• Incorporate the knowledge value and skills required for a sustainable way of living into formal education and lifelong learning.
• Green politics also promote tolerance, non-violence, democracy and peace.
• It also says that treat all living organisms with the same respect and care.

Thus, Green politics aim is to create an ecologically sustainable society whose roots lie in environmentalism, non-violence, social justice and democracy.

The World Earth Day is celebrated on 22^nd April annually to support environmental protection.

• It was first celebrated in 1970, by United State Senator Gaylord Nelson.
• In 2020, The theme for World Earth Day is climate action.
• The first World Earth Day is credited with the beginning of the new environmental movement and is now known as the biggest public event on the planet.
• On 22nd April 2020 will mark 50 years of Earth Day.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e Environment

• Sunder Lal Bahuguna is a noted Garhwali environmentalist and Chipko movement leader.
• Mr. Bahuguna has had an active role within the Chipko and anti-Tehri Dam movements.
• He started social activities at the age of thirteen, under the guidance of Shri Dev Suman
• He was honoured with Padma Vibhushan in 2009 for environment conservation.