Political Science Test - 35

The correct answer is (a)-2, (b)-1, (c)-4, (d)-3.

Key Points

• Mapping of boundaries on religious grounds - India and Pakistan, Partition was based on the Two-Nation Theory, declaring Hindus and Muslims as two distinct nationalities with separate interests. The political mood at that time reflected the need for a separate nation for Muslims. Religion was seen as the basis of a nation.
• Mapping of boundaries on grounds of different languages - Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, Punjab was bifurcated based on language when, in 1966, its Hindi-speaking regions were separated, leading to the creation of Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. The creation of Uttarakhand was not only based on language but on administrative and cultural grounds as well.
• Demarcating boundaries within a country by geographical zones - Bangladesh and Pakistan, Bangladesh, which was earlier East Pakistan, was created in 1971. It was the result of political mismanagement and cultural domination of West Pakistan on the East. The Bengali language movement in East Pakistan culminated in the demand for autonomy and later independence. The creation of Bangladesh rather represented the failure of the Two-Nation Theory that divided nations based on religion.
• Demarcating boundaries within a country on political and administrative grounds - Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh were created in 2000 based on administrative convenience, cultural ethnicity and the concept of balanced regional development of these regions. These states were created due to the failure of the country’s development policy to improve the socioeconomic conditions of the tribal and non-tribal populations in the region.

​Hence, The correct answer is (a)-2, (b)-1, (c)-4, (d)-3.

The correct answer is (a) - (iii), (b) - (ii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i).

• P.C. Mahalanobis:
  • He is considered the father of modern statistics in India.
  • He founded the Indian Statistical Institute.
  • Mahalanobis's model of the Second five-year plan focused on Rapid industrialization and strengthening the public sector.
• K.N. Raj:
  • He was one of the architects of the First Five Year Plan in India.
  • He also served as an economic adviser to Prime Ministers from Nehru to P.V. Narasimha Rao.
  • A committee on taxation on agricultural wealth and income was appointed by the central government under the chairmanship of Dr K.N. Raj in February 1972.
• J.C. Kumarappa:
  • He was a pioneer of rural economic development theories.
  • He proposed a blueprint that laid greater emphasis on rural industrialization.
• Verghese Kurien:
  • He was known as the Father of the White Revolution in India.
  • He was associated with the co-operative model for generating employment and elimination of poverty.

The correct match is Option 1.

Key Points

• SCO is a permanent intergovernmental international organization.
  • It’s a Eurasian political, economic and military organization aiming to maintain peace, security, and stability in the region.
  • Created in 2001.
  • The SCO Charter was signed in 2002 and entered into force in 2003.
  • The SCO's official languages are Russian and Chinese.
• Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is the informal strategic dialogue between India, the USA, Japan, and Australia with a shared objective to ensure and support a “free, open and prosperous” Indo-Pacific region.
• The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional organization that was established to promote political and social stability amid rising tensions among the Asia-Pacific’s post-colonial states. Some of its Objectives are as follows:
  • To accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian Nations.
  • To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter.
  • To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific, and administrative fields.
• MAD or Mutual Assured Destruction is a strategic military doctrine in which the use of nuclear weapons on a full scale would theoretically result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender.
  • This strategy ultimately sends both parties into an endless loop of increased military budgets.

The correct answer is 1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A.

Key Points

• Soviet System
  • The Soviet system was introduced after Russian Revolution in 1917 based on the principles of egalitarian society and a planned economy controlled by the state.
• Socialist Bloc
  • The east European countries were known as Socialist Bloc because these countries were liberated from the fascist forces and their political and economic systems were based on this bloc only.
• Egalitarian Society
  • It believes that all people are equally important and should have the same rights and opportunities in life.
  • Egalitarianism as a political ideology can be defined as the doctrine that sees each and every person as equal in their moral status, thereby granting them equal rights and opportunities. As a social doctrine, it advocates the removal of economic inequalities among people and decentralizing power.
• Shock Therapy
  • The model of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe under the influence of the World Bank and IMF.
  • It was a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. 
  • Though it varies in intensity and speed amongst the former second-world countries its direction and features were quite similar.
• Hence, Option 4 is correct.

Option 4 is the correct answer because the use of mass organization to strengthen democracy is not a characteristic of an authoritarian regime.

• Authoritarian regimes typically do not promote democracy or allow for the free organization of groups that could potentially challenge their power.

The correct answer is option 1 - Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true. Statement (I) is true because authoritarianism is characterized by a concentration of power in the hands of a single leader or ruling group, who demand obedience and loyalty from their subjects.

• Dissent and opposition are often suppressed, and individual freedoms and rights are curtailed. Statement (II) is also true because authoritarian governments often lack free and competitive elections, which are a hallmark of democratic societies.
• Instead, leaders are often appointed or selected through non-democratic means, such as inheritance, military coup, or rigged elections.

The correct answer is option 4 - for preventing political disruption.

• Authoritarian regimes often rely on fear and intimidation to maintain their power, and unreasoned acceptance of their political authority helps to prevent any challenges or disruptions to their rule.
• By discouraging dissent and suppressing opposition, authoritarian leaders can maintain control over their population and prevent any potential threats to their regime.

The correct answer is option 3, which states that authoritarian regimes legitimise their dictatorship through deceptive and indirect elections and blocking opportunities to potential challenges.

• This means that these regimes may hold elections, but they are often rigged or manipulated to ensure the ruling party or leader remains in power.
• They may also use tactics such as censorship, intimidation, and violence to prevent opposition parties or individuals from gaining power or challenging their authority.

The correct answer is option 4, which states that all the above options are false.

• In authoritarian regimes, civil liberties are often severely restricted or completely absent.
• The government has complete control over the media, freedom of speech, assembly, and association are limited, and political opposition is often suppressed.
• Citizens may also face arbitrary detention, torture, and other forms of human rights abuses.

Therefore, options 1, 2, and 3 are all incorrect as civil liberties are not freely available, their status is not unchanged, and they are not respected more in authoritarian regimes.

The correct answer is 4.

Key Points

• Globalization 4.0 is driven by cutting edge new technology like AI, Cloud Computing etc.
• These technologies shrink distances, open up borders and minds and bring people all across the globe closer together.
• These technologies are changing the nature of work where no physical presence of workers will be required.
• Such workers are termed as telemigrant persons who live in another developing country while working for a company located in a developed country.

Hence, the correct answer is 4.0.