Political Science Test - 4

The correct answer is ​2 only.

Key Points

• Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), an international organization dedicated to representing the interests and aspirations of developing countries.
• In the early 21st century the Non-Aligned Movement counted 120 member states.
• The Non-Aligned Movement emerged in the context of the wave of decolonization that followed World War II.
• It derives its origin from the Bandung Conference held in 1955. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
  • At the 1955 Bandung Conference (the Asian-African Conference), the attendees, many of whose countries had recently gained their independence, called for “abstention from the use of arrangements of collective defence to serve the particular interests of any of the big powers.”
  • In the context of the Cold War, they argued, countries of the developing world should abstain from allying with either of the two superpowers (the United States and the U.S.S.R.) and should instead join together in support of national self-determination against all forms of colonialism and imperialism.
• The Non-Aligned Movement was founded and held its first conference (the Belgrade Conference) in 1961 under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sukarno of Indonesia. 
• As a condition for membership, the states of the Non-Aligned Movement cannot be part of a multilateral military alliance (such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO]) or have signed a bilateral military agreement with one of the “big powers” if it was “deliberately concluded in the context of Great Power conflicts.” Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• However, the idea of non-alignment does not signify that a state ought to remain passive or even neutral in international politics.
  • On the contrary, from the founding of the Non-Aligned Movement, its stated aim has been to give a voice to developing countries and to encourage their concerted action in world affairs.
• Unlike the United Nations (UN) or the Organization of American States, the Non-Aligned Movement has no formal constitution or permanent secretariat.
• All members of the Non-Aligned Movement have equal weight within its organization.

The Correct Answer is 1954.

Key Points

• The Panchsheel was first signed between India and China's Tibet area on April 29, 1954.
• Jawaharlal Nehru, former Prime Minister of India, and Chou En-Lai, the first Chinese Prime Minister, signed the deal.
• One of the most successful agreements between India and China to improve economic and security cooperation was the Panchsheel agreement.
• The Five Principles' fundamental premise was that newly independent states would be able to establish a new and more principled approach to foreign affairs after decolonization. 
• The five principles of peaceful coexistence, known as the Panchsheel Treaty, are a collection of principles to regulate relations between states.
• They include non-interference in other internal affairs and respect for the territorial integrity of the unity and sovereignty of the other.
• The Five Principles' underlying premise was that after decolonization, newly independent states would be able to adopt a new strategy more faithful to international relations principles.

The correct answer is Kashgar and Gwadar.

Key Points

• The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project is building a major infrastructure works in Pakistan, intended to link Kashgar in China’s Xinjiang province to Gwadar deep seaport close to Pakistan’s border with Iran.
• It seeks to expand and upgrade infrastructure across Pakistan and to widen and deepen economic ties with its “all-weather friend”, China.
• OBOR: 
  • The CPEC is part of China’s larger regional transnational ‘One Belt One Road’ (OBOR) initiative. 
  • OBOR includes the land-based New Silk Road and the 21st century Maritime Silk Road. 
  • Beijing aims to create a Silk Road Economic Belt spread over Asia and Eastern Europe. 
  • Creating a web of transport, energy supply, and telecommunications lines.

Important Points

• Gwadar lies close to the Strait of Hormuz, a key oil shipping lane.
  • It could open up an energy and trade corridor from the Gulf across Pakistan to western China, that could also be used by the Chinese Navy.
• The CPEC will give China land access to the Indian Ocean in a mere 2,000 km road journey from Kashgar to Gwadar.
  • It will cut around 13,000 km sea voyage from China to the Persian Gulf through the Strait of Malacca and around India. 
• Central Asian countries are enthusiastic to connect their infrastructure networks to the CPEC, which will allow them access to the Indian Ocean while contributing to the OBOR initiative.

The correct answer is the Radcliff Line.

• The Radcliffe Line became the international border between India and Pakistan (which also included what is now Bangladesh) during the partition of India.
• Sir Cyril Radcliffe, drew the Radcliffe line which divides India and Pakistan. 

Important Points

• The Radcliffe Line was declared as the boundary between India and Pakistan On 17th August 1947, following the Partition of India.
• The line is named after Sir Cyril Radcliffe who was commissioned to equitably divide 4,50,000 km sq of territory with 88 million people. 
• Sir Radcliffe arrived in India on 8th July 1947 and was given five weeks to work on the border.
• Upon meeting with Mountbatten, Radcliffe traveled to Lahore and Kolkata to meet his Boundary Commission members, who were primarily Jawaharlal Nehru representing the Congress and Muhammad Ali Jinnah representing the Muslim League.
• Both parties were keen that the boundary be finalized by 15th August 1947, in time for the British to leave India.
• As requested by both Nehru and Jinnah, Radcliffe completed the boundary line a few days before Independence, but due to some political reasons the Radcliffe Line was only formally revealed on 17th August 1947.

Additional Information

• Durand LIne:-
  • Its devides Pakistan and Afganistan Borders.
  • The Durand line came into existence on November 12, 1896, when the border which was used to separate the British and the Afghanistan territories came to life.
• McMohan Line:- 
  • The McMahon Line marks the boundary between the China-occupied territory of the East-Himalayan region and the Indian regions.
  • This region is a mountainous place of high altitudes.
  • This line was determined by Sir Henry McMahon, a British Foreign Secretary in British India, and it is called the McMahon Line after his name.
  • The total length of this line is 890 kilometers.
• Maginot Line:-
  • ​The Maginot Line is a Defensive line in France.
  • Its constructed in 1930.
  • The Maginot Line was an extremely well-developed chain of fortifications for defense against the German attack during the first world war.

The correct answer is North-East Frontier Agency.

Key Points

• On 15th August 1947 when India became an independent nation, North East Frontier Agency commonly known as NEFA became an integral part of the Union of India.
• NEFA was renamed Arunachal Pradesh on January 20, 1972
• Arunachal Pradesh means 'Land of the dawn-lit mountains.
• Arunachal Pradesh is the largest state in the Northeast, among the seven sisters
• The state shares a total of 1630 km of international boundary with neighboring countries; 1030 km with China, 160 km with Bhutan, and 440 km with Myanmar.
• Arunachal Pradesh has the highest number of regional languages in the Indian subcontinent
• Earlier the state was divided into 17 districts, but in the year 2013, 4 new districts were created taking the total to 21.

The correct answer is Lal Bahadur Shastri

Important Points

• Lal Bahadur Shastri was born on 2 October 1904 in Mughal Sarai, Uttar Pradesh.
• He received the title of 'Shastri' in the year 1926.
• He participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.
• He was also arrested during the Non-Cooperation Movement but was released due to his young age.
• The country suffered severe drought during the 1965 war with Pakistan. Then Shastriji appealed to the countrymen to fast for a day.
• He gave the slogan of "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan".
• He died on 11 January 1966 in Tashkent.
• Indira Gandhi was the first woman prime minister of India.
• Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of India.

The Correct Answer is Option (2) i.e B -

• Tashkent Declaration was a peace agreement between India and Pakistan signed on 10th January 1966 to resolve the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965.
• The major signatories of the declaration were the then Prime Minister of India, Lal Bahadur Shastri, and Pakistan's President Muhammad Ayub Khan.
• The War of 1965 was over control of the resources and population of the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

The correct answer is Bombay.

Mistake PointsThe question is asking about the first nuclear reactor, NOT a nuclear power plant. It was the Apsara nuclear reactor located at Trombay, Bombay (Mumbai).

Important Points

• India's and Asia's first nuclear reactor, Apsara was inaugurated by Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru on 20 January 1957. 
• The reactor was designed by the Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) and built with assistance from the United Kingdom, which also provided the initial fuel supply consisting of 80 per cent enriched uranium.
• Apsara is a light water swimming pool-type reactor with a maximum power output of one megawatt thermal (MWt). 
• There are 7 more reactors are under construction with a combined generation capacity of 4,300 MW.
• Kudankulam reactor has the highest capacity of 2000 MW in India.

The correct answer is 1998.

Key Points

• Pokhran-II was the series of five nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by India at the Indian Army's Pokhran Test Range in May 1998.
• It was the second Indian nuclear test, the first test, code-named Smiling Buddha, was conducted in May 1974. 
• Pokhran 2 was code-named Operation Shakti.

Additional Information

• The "Smiling Buddha" was the code name of the first successful nuclear bomb test in India.
• This test was conducted on 18 May 1974.
• The bomb was detonated on the army base name of this base is "Pokhran Test Range (PTR)".
• This range is in Rajasthan.
• The Indian Army under the supervision of several key army officials conducted this test successfully.

The correct answer is Dr. Homi Bhabha.

• Homi Jehangir Bhabha is known as the 'Father of the Indian Nuclear Programme'.
• He was an Indian nuclear physicist who founded Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.
• Ajit Kumar Mohanty was appointed as the director of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) for a period of three years in march 2019.
• He is a well-known nuclear physicist. He obtained a PhD degree from Bombay University.
• Dr Homi Bhabha established the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) in January 1954.
• In 1966, at Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay was renamed Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).

Additional Information