Political Science Test - 7

The correct answer is option 4, i.e. National Emergency.

Emergency provisions in India:

• Part XVIII and Articles 352 to 360 deal with emergency provisions in India.
• Emergency refers to a situation when the Central Government overrides the powers of the states in all or any matter of decision making.

Types of Emergency:

• National Emergency: 
  • According to Article 352, National Emergency can be declared by the President on the grounds of war, external aggression or armed rebellion.
  • Its proclamation needs to be approved by both the houses of the parliament by a special majority within one month.
  • The emergency continues for a period of six months and needs approval after that for its extension beyond that.
  • Revocation or termination:
    • It automatically terminates after six months from its proclamation if not extended.
    • For revocation before a period of six months of its proclamation, the President revokes it after a resolution is passed by the Lok Sabha.
  • Imposition:
    • 1962: Indo-China War
    • 1971: Indo-Pak War
    • 1975: By Indira Gandhi Government (Presidency of Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed) on the grounds of 'internal aggression'.
• State emergency: 
  • It is also known as the President's Rule.
  • It can be imposed in a state under Article 356 on the grounds of failure of Constitutional Machinery.
  • It can be proclaimed or extended in a state after a resolution is passed by any of the houses by a simple majority only.
  • It can be revoked by the President at any time and no resolution needs to be passed by any of the houses.
• Financial Emergency:
  • Article 360 of The Constitution empowers the President to proclaim financial emergency in India on the grounds of Financial Instability.
  • The resolution for its proclamation needs to be passed by both the houses of the Parliament.
  • The emergency proclaimed under article 360 continues to exist until it has been revoked by the President.

The Janata Party (abbreviated as JP, lit. People's Party) was a political party created in 1975 as an amalgamation of Indian political groups hostile to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of the Indian National Congress's Emergency, which was implemented from 1975 and 1977.

Important Points

• On the 11th of October 1988, on the birth anniversary of Jayaprakash Narayan, the Janata Dal ("People's Party") was created by the merging of Janata Party divisions, the Lok Dal, Indian National Congress (Jagjivan), and the Jan Morcha. It was led by V. P. Singh.
• It first came to power in 1989, after allegations of corruption, known as the Bofors scandal, caused Rajiv Gandhi's Congress (I) to lose the elections.
• The National Front coalition that was formed consisted of the Janata Dal and a few smaller parties in the government and had outside support from the Left Front and the Bharatiya Janata Party. V. P. Singh was the prime minister.

Additional Information

•  Congress for democracy, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, and Swatantra Party were a part of the group of parties that formed the Janata Party in 1977.

Hence, Janata Dal was the party that did not form part of the group of parties that formed the Janta Party in 1977.

The correct answer is Socially and educationally backward people.

Key Points

• The Mandal Commission was a socially and educationally backward classes' commission.
• It was established in 1979.
• It was headed by the then Member of Parliament, Bhindeshwari Prasad Mandal.
• On 31 December 1980, the Mandal commission submitted its report to President N.S. Reddy, recommending ways to advance India's socially and educationally backward classes.
• The commission developed eleven indicators of social, educational and economic backwardness.

 Thus, we can say that the Mandal Commission was set up to identify socially and educationally backward people.

Key Points

1. Manabendra Nath Roy (21 March 1887 – 25 January 1954), born Narendra Nath Bhattacharya, was an Indian Communist revolutionary, radical activist, and political theorist, as well as a noted philosopher in the 20th century.
2. Roy was a founder of the Mexican Communist Party and the Communist Party of India (Tashkent group).
3. He was also a delegate to congresses of the Communist International and Russia's aide to China.
4. Following the rise of Joseph Stalin, Roy left the mainline communist movement to pursue independent radical politics.
5. In 1940 Vinay Roy was instrumental in the formation of the Radical Democratic Party, an organization in which he played a leading role for much of the decade of the 1940s.
6. In the aftermath of World War II Roy moved away from orthodox Marxism to espouse the philosophy of radical humanism, attempting to chart a third course between liberalism and communism. 

Additional Information

1. Narendra Nath "Naren" Bhattacharya, later known as M. N. Roy, was born on 22 March 1887 at Arbella, located in the North 24 Parganas of West Bengal, near Calcutta (Kolkata).
2. Most modern forms of communism are grounded at least nominally in Marxism, a theory and method conceived by Karl Marx during the 19th century.

The correct answer is Vinoba Bhave.

Key Points

• Bhoodan Movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi’s disciple Vinoba Bhave in April 1951.
• It was started from Pochampali in Telangana.
• It is also known as the Bloodless Revolution was a voluntary land reform movement in India.
• Bhoodan ('bhoo' means land; 'Dhan' means donation) it's a moment aimed to stop landlords to acquire more land.
• They did padayatra and asked rich peasants to give 1/6th of their land so as to collect 50 million acres of land, but despite their best efforts, they could only collect 8.7 lakh acres of land, which they distributed among the poor and the landless.

Additional Information

• Central and State governments had provided the necessary assistance to Vinoba Bhave.
• Bhoodan gave way to the Gramdan movement which began in 1952.
• The objective of the Gramdan movement was to persuade landowners and leaseholders in each village to renounce their land rights and all the lands would become the property of a village association for egalitarian redistribution and joint cultivation.  

The Correct Answer is Option (1) i.e. Janata Party.

• The Janata Party was an amalgam of Indian political parties opposed to the Emergency that was imposed between 1975 to 1977 by the then Prime Minister, Shri Indira Gandhi.
• The party was founded by the leader Shri Jayprakash Narayan in the year 1977.
• Morarji Desai, the first PM of the non- Congress government belonged to the Janata Party.

Key Points

The correct answer is Jayaprakash Narayan.

Key Points

• Program of social transformation termed Sampoorna Kranti, "total revolution" was advocated by Jayaprakash Narayan.
• Jayaprakash Narayan was the main leader of the opposition against Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, for whose overthrow he had called for a "total revolution".
  • He is popularly referred to as JP or Lok Nayak.
  • He is also known as the "Hero of Quit India Movement".
  • he was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1999.

Additional Information

• Madan Mohan Malaviya was an Indian scholar, educational reformer, and politician notable for his role in the Indian independence movement, as the three times president of Indian National Congress and the founder of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha.
• Swami Vivekananda, born Narendranath Datta, was an Indian Hindu monk. He was a chief disciple of the 19th-century Indian mystic Ramakrishna.
• Murlidhar Devidas Amte, popularly known as Baba Amte, was an Indian social worker and social activist known particularly for his work for the rehabilitation and empowerment of people suffering from leprosy. 

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. War, external aggression or armed rebellion.

Key Points

• Constitutional provision under Article 352-
• Constitution employs expression 'proclamation of emergency' to denote emergency instead of national emergency.
• President declare same when security of Indiad threatened by —
  • War and External Aggression = External Emergency 
  • Armed Rebellion = Internal Emergency.

National Emergency (Article 352)

• Part XVIII (Article 352 - Article 360) of the Indian constitution deals with emergency provisions.
• Article 352 says that if the president is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the safety and security of India or a part of the territory of India are threatened by war or external aggression or armed rebellion, he may proclaim an emergency. Hence option 2 is correct.
• The proclamation of a war emergency cannot be made by the president unless the Union cabinet gives him in writing that such proclamation should be made.
• If a proclamation is NOT revoked subsequently, it should be laid before the parliament. Both the houses of parliament must approve such proclamation within two months. If the parliament does not approve the proclamation, it will become ineffective.

The correct answer is Loknayak.

Key Points

• Jay Prakash Narayan:
  • Lok Nayak Jay Prakash Narayan’s birthday i.e. 11 October is celebrated as Save Democracy Day for his invaluable contribution to anti-emergency agitation during 1975-76.
  • His entire life is one of supreme sacrifice and commitment to the nation.
  • In 1921 he joined the Non-cooperation movement and was influenced by Gandhian Ideology.
  • Later he went to the US, where he was deeply influenced by Marxist ideology.
  • In 1929 he joined the INC at the invitation of Jawahar Lal Nehru.

Additional Information

• Titles to the eminent personalities:-
  • Lokmanya - Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
  • Loknayak - Jai Prakash Narayan.
  • Lokhitwadi - Gopal Hari Deshmukh.
  • Lokneta - Gopinath Munde.

The correct answer is Janata Party.

Key Points

• Indian National Congress was formed in 1885.
• In 1977, it was defeated by the Janta Party.
• After the sweeping victory, the leader of the Janta party, Morarji Desai became the 4th Prime mInister of India.
• The General Elections of 1977 were held between 16 and 20 March 1977.
• The elections took place during the Emergency period.

 Thus, we can say that Janta Party replaced the Indian National Congress at the centre in the 1977 general elections.