Psychology Test - 2

The correct answer is J.P Guilford. 

Key Points

• J.P. Guilford proposed the structure of-intellect model which classifies intellectual traits among three dimensions: operations, contents, and products.

Operations 

• Operations are what the respondent does.
• These include cognition, memory recording, memory retention, divergent production, convergent production, and evaluation.

Contents 

• Contents refer to the nature of materials or information on which intellectual operations are performed.
• These include visual, auditory, symbolic (e.g., letters, numbers), semantic (e.g., words) and behavioural (e.g., information about people’s behaviour, attitudes, needs, etc.).

Products ​

• Products refer to the form in which information is processed by the respondent.
• Products are classified into units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, and implications. 

The correct answer is Eight.

Key Points

• Howard Gardner  proposed the theory of multiple intelligences.
• According to him, intelligence is not a single entity; rather distinct types of intelligences exist.
• Each of these intelligences are independent of each other.
• Gardner studied extremely talented persons, who had shown exceptional abilities in their respective areas, and described eight types of intelligence. 
• These are as follows:
• Linguistic  - an ability to produce and use language.
• Spatial - an ability to form visual images and patterns.
• Logical-Mathematical - an ability to think logically and critically, and solve problems.
• Musical - an ability to produce and manipulate musical rhythms and patterns.
• Bodily-Kinaesthetic - an ability to use whole or portions of the body flexibly and creatively.
• Interpersonal - an ability to understand to subtle aspects of others’ behaviours.
• Intrapersonal - an ability to understand of one’s own feelings, motives, and desires).
• Naturalistic - an ability to identify the features of the natural world.

​The correct answer is Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Key Points 

• Robert Sternberg (1985) proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence.
• Sternberg views intelligence as “the ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture”.

According to this theory, there are three basic types of intelligence:

Componential Intelligence:

• Componential or analytical intelligence is the analysis of information to solve problems. 

Experiential Intelligence:

• Experiential or creative intelligence is involved in using past experiences creatively to solve novel problems.

Contextual Intelligence:

• Contextual or practical intelligence involves the ability to deal with environmental demands encountered on a daily basis. 

The correct answer is Planning, Attention-arousal, and Simultaneous-successive.

Key Points

• Planning, Attention-arousal, and Simultaneous-successive (PASS) Model of Intelligence.
• This model has been developed by J.P. Das, Jack Naglieri, and Kirby (1994).
• According to this model, intellectual activity involves the interdependent functioning of three neurological systems, called the functional units of brain.
• These units are responsible for arousal/attention, coding or processing, and planning respectively.

Arousal/Attention :

• State of arousal is basic to any behaviour as it helps us in attending to stimuli. Arousal and attention enable a person to process information.

Simultaneous and Successive Processing:

• You can integrate the information into your knowledge system either simultaneously or successively.

Planning :

• This is an essential feature of intelligence. After the information is attended to and processed, planning is activated.

The correct answer is William Stern.

Key Points

• In 1912, William Stern, a German psychologist, devised the concept of Intelligence Quotient (IQ).
• IQ refers to mental age divided by chronological age, and multiplied by 100.
• IQ Score = MA / CA x 100
• The number 100 is used as a multiplier to avoid the decimal point. When the MA equals the CA, the IQ equals 100. If MA is more than the CA, IQ is more than 100. IQ becomes less than 100 when the MA is less than the CA. 
• Chronological Age (CA) is the biological age from birth. 
• Mental Age (MA), which is a measure of a person’s intellectual development relative to people of her/his age group. 

The correct answer is Mental age.

Key Points

Assessment of Intelligence

• In 1905, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, made the first successful attempt to formally measure intelligence.
• In 1908, when the scale was revised, they gave the concept of Mental Age (MA), which is a measure of a person’s intellectual development relative to people of her/his age group.
• A mental age of 5 means that a child’s performance on an intelligence test equals the average performance level of a group of 5-year olds.
• Chronological Age (CA) is the biological age from birth.
• A bright child’s MA is more than her/his CA; for a dull child, MA is below the CA.
• Retardation was defined by Binet and Simon as being two mental age years below the chronological age

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

Key Points

Variations of Intelligence

• Intellectual Deficiency: There are children who face enormous difficulty in learning even very simple skills. Those children who show intellectual deficiency are termed as ‘intellectually disabled’
• Intellectual Giftedness: Intellectually gifted individuals show higher performance because of their outstanding potentialities.  

The correct answer is  ​Vygotsky.

Key Points

• The cultural environment provides a context for intelligence to develop.
• Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, has argued that culture provides a social context in which people live, grow, and understand the world around them.
• For example, in less technologically developed societies, social and emotional skills in relating to people are valued, while in technologically advanced societies, personal achievement founded on abilities of reasoning and judgment is considered to represent intelligence.

The correct answer is Integral intelligence

Key Points

• Intelligence in the Indian Tradition Contrary to technological intelligence, intelligence in the Indian tradition can be termed as integral intelligence, which gives emphasis on connectivity with the social and world environment.
• Indian thinkers view intelligence from a holistic perspective where equal attention is paid to cognitive and non-cognitive processes as well as their integration.
• The Sanskrit word ‘buddhi’ which is often used to represent intelligence is far more pervasive in scope than the western concept of intelligence.
• Buddhi, according to J.P. Das, includes such skills as mental effort, determined action, feelings, and opinions along with cognitivecompetence such as knowledge, discrimination, and understanding. 

The correct answer is None of the above.

Key Points

Unlike the western views, which primarily focus on cognitive parameters, the following competencies are identified as facets of intelligence in the Indian tradition : 

• Cognitive capacity (sensitivity to context, understanding, discrimination, problem solving, and effective communication). 
• Social competence (respect for social order, commitment to elders, the young and the needy, concern about others, recognising others’ perspectives). 
• Emotional competence (selfregulation and self-monitoring of emotions, honesty, politeness, good conduct, and self-evaluation). 
• Entrepreneurial competence (commitment, persistence, patience, hard work, vigilance, and goal-directed behaviours).