Psychology Test - 20

The avoidance hyper oriented strategy aims at avoiding stressful events by indulging in different activities. Individual does not want to accept that he is facing such a stressful situation.

The correct answer is Life Span Perspective

Key Points

• The life span perspective conceptualizes human behavior as influenced by developmental processes across biological, historical, sociocultural, and psychological factors from conception to death.
• German psychologist Paul Baltes, a leading expert on lifespan development and aging, developed one of the approaches to studying development called the lifespan perspective.

This approach is based on several key principles:

• Development is a lifetime process that occurs at all stageof life, from conception to old age. It encompasses both gains and losses that interact dynamically (changes in one element cause changes in others) during the course of a person's life.
• The biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional processes of human development are all intertwined in a person's growth over their lifetime.
• Development is multi-directional. Some dimensions or components of a given dimension of development may increase, with others showing decrement, e.g. the experiences of adults may make them wiser and guide their decisions. However, with an increase in age, one’s performance is likely to decrease on tasks requiring speed, such as running.
• Development is highly plastic, i.e. within a person, modifiability is found in psychological development, though plasticity varies among individuals.
• Development is influenced by historical conditions, e.g. The career orientation of school students today is very different from those students who were in schools 50 years ago.
• Development is the concern of a number of disciplines. Different disciplines like psychology, anthropology, sociology, and neuro-sciences study human development from different perspectives.
• An individual responds and acts in a particular context, e.g. the life events in everyone’s life are not the same such as the death of a parent, accident, earthquake, etc affect the course of one’s life as also the positive influences such as winning an award or getting a good job

The correct answer is Negative correlation

Key Points

• A negative correlation is a relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other. i.e, they both move in the opposite direction.
• An example of a negative correlation would be the height above sea level and temperature. As you climb the mountain (increase in height) it gets colder (decrease in temperature).

Additional Information

• Negative or inverse correlation describes when two variables tend to move in opposite sizes and directions from one another, such that when one increases the other variable decreases, and vice-versa.
• A negative correlation is put to use when constructing diversified portfolios so that investors can benefit from price increases in certain assets when others fall.
• The higher the negative correlation between two variables, the closer the correlation coefficient will be to the value -1.

The correct answer is Public opinion on the new issues cannot be obtained fast

Key Points

• The first commonly used research method in psychology is called a survey.
• A survey gathers data by asking a group of people their thoughts, reactions, or opinions to fixed questions.
• This data is then collected and analyzed by a psychologist to provide insight into human behavior as related to a particular subject.
• Limitation of the survey method:
• People may give inaccurate information because of memory loss lapses or they may not want to let the researcher know what they really believe about a particular issue.
• People sometimes offer responses they think the researcher wants to hear.

The correct answer is the autonomic nervous system

Key Points

• The autonomic nervous system(ANS) regulates a variety of body process that takes place without conscious effort.
• The autonomic system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, and digestion.
• This system is further divided into two branches
• The sympathetic nervous system(SNS): Neurons within the SNS generally prepare the body to react to something in its environment. For example, the SNS may increase heart rate to prepare a person to escape from danger.
• The parasympathetic nervous system(PNS): It helps maintain normal body functions and conserves physical resources. This division also performs such tasks as controlling the bladder, slowing down heart rate, and constricting eye pupils.

The function of the autonomic nervous system:

The ANS receives information from the environment and other parts of the body and regulates the activity of the organs, accordingly.

The ANS is also involved in the following bodily functions

1. Producing bodily fluids, such as sweat
2. Urination
3. Sexual responses
4. One critical function of the ANS is to prepare the body for action through the “fight or flight” response.

If the body perceives a threat in the environment, the sympathetic neurons of the ANS react by:

• Increasing heart rate
• Widening the airways to make breathing easier
• Releasing stored energy
• Increasing strength in the muscles
• Slowing digestion and other bodily processes that are less important for taking action

The correct answer is Forebrain

Key Points

• The brain is arguably the most important organ in the human body.
• It controls and coordinates actions and reactions, allows us to think and feel, and enables us to have memories and feelings—all the things that make us human.
• The developmental division roughly organizes the brain into three general regions: Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain.

Forebrain:

• The forebrain is the largest and most obvious part of a mammal’s brain.
• The outer layer is called the cerebral cortex and consists of the cerebral hemispheres, which account for two-thirds of the brain’s total mass.
• Each cerebral hemisphere can be subdivided into four lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes). Each is associated with different functions.
• Each pair has one lobe on the left side of the brain and another on the right.

Frontal lobe:

• Personality, behavior, emotions
• Judgment, planning, problem-solving
• Speech: speaking and writing (Broca’s area)
• Body movement (motor strip)
• Intelligence, concentration, self-awareness

Parietal lobe:

• Interprets language, words
• Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip)
• Interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory, and memory
• Spatial and visual perception

Occipital lobe:

• Interprets vision (color, light, movement)

Temporal lobe:

• Understanding language (Wernicke’s area)
• Memory
• Hearing
• Sequencing and organization

The correct answer is Feeling.

Key Points

• Emotional intelligence is a set of skills that underlie accurate appraisal, expression, and regulation of emotions.
• It is the feeling side of intelligence. Hence option 2 is correct.
• A good IQ and scholastic record are not enough to be successful in life.
• This concept was first introduced by Salovey and Mayer who considered emotional intelligence as “the ability to monitor one’s own and other’s emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one’s thinking and actions”.
• Emotional Quotient (EQ) is used to express emotional intelligence in the same way as IQ is used to express intelligence.

The correct answer is Independent aptitude test.

Key Points

• Aptitude tests are available in two forms: independent (specialised) aptitude tests and multiple (generalised) aptitude tests.
• Clerical Aptitude, Mechanical Aptitude, Numerical Aptitude, and Typing Aptitude are independent aptitude tests. Hence option 1 is correct.
• Multiple Aptitude Tests exist in the form of test batteries, which measure aptitude in several separate but homogeneous areas.
• Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT), the General Aptitude Tests Battery (GATB), and the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) are well-known aptitude test batteries

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• Trait approach focuses on the specific psychological attributes along which individuals tend to differ in consistent and stable ways. Hence option 2 is correct.
  • For example, one person may be less shy, whereas another may be more; or one person may be less friendly, whereas another may be more. Here “shyness” and “friendliness” represent traits along which individuals can be rated in terms of the degree of presence or absence of the concerned behavioural quality or a trait.
• The type approaches attempts to comprehend human personality by examining certain broad patterns in the observed behavioural characteristics of individuals.
• The interactional approach holds that situational characteristics play an important role in determining our behaviour.

The correct answer is Humanistic Approach.

Key Points

Humanistic Approach

• The humanistic theories are mainly developed in response to Freud’s theory. Hence option 4 is correct.
• Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have particularly contributed to the development of the humanistic perspective on personality.
• The most important idea proposed by Rogers is that of a fully functioning person.
• He believes that fulfilment is the motivating force for personality development.
• People try to express their capabilities, potential and talents to the fullest extent possible.
• There is an inborn tendency among persons that directs them to actualise their inherited nature.
• Rogers makes two basic assumptions about human behaviour.
  • One is that behaviour is goal-directed and worthwhile.
  • The second is that people (who are innately good) will almost always choose adaptive, self-actualising behaviour.