Psychology Test - 21

The correct answer is 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Key Points

Behavioural Analysis

• A person’s behaviour in a variety of situations can provide meaningful information about their personality. Observation of behaviour serves as the basis of behavioural analysis.
• An observer’s report may contain data obtained from interviews, observation, ratings, nomination, and situational tests. Hence, answer D is correct.
• An interview is a commonly used method for assessing personality, involving talking to the person being assessed and asking specific questions.
• Although all of us watch people and form impressions about their personalities, the use of observation for personality assessment is a sophisticated procedure that cannot be carried out by untrained people.
• Behavioural ratings are frequently used for the assessment of personality in educational and industrial settings.
• Nomination is often used in obtaining peer assessment and can be used with persons who have been in long-term interaction and know each other very well.
• A variety of situational tests have been devised for the assessment of personality. The most commonly used test of this kind is the situational stress test.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2

Key Points

• Aptitude refers to special abilities in a particular field of activity. 
• It is a combination of characteristics that indicates an individual’s capacity to acquire some specific knowledge or skill after training. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• We assess aptitude with the help of selected tests. The knowledge of aptitude can help us to predict an individual’s future performance.
• Interest is a preference for a particular activity; aptitude is the potentiality to perform that activity. A person may be interested in a particular job or activity, but may not have the aptitude for it. Hence statement 2 is correct.

The correct answer is 1 only

Key Points

• A distinction is made between ‘personal’ and ‘social’ self. 
• The personal self leads to an orientation in which one feels primarily concerned with oneself. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Soon a child’s psychological and social needs in the context of her/his environment lead other components of the personal self to emerge. The emphasis comes to be laid on those aspects of life that relate only to the concerned person, such as personal freedom, personal responsibility, personal achievement, or personal comforts. 
• The social self emerges in relation to others and emphasises such aspects of life as cooperation, unity, affiliation, sacrifice, support or sharing. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
• This self values family and social relationships. Hence, it is also referred to as the familial or relational self.

• "The trait approach attempts to comprehend human personality by examining certain broad patterns in the observed behavioural characteristics of individuals."- Correct.

• The trait approach indeed focuses on identifying and measuring individual personality characteristics (traits), such as extroversion, agreeableness, etc., which are stable and observable patterns of behavior.

• "The type approach focuses on the specific psychological attributes along which individuals tend to differ in consistent and stable ways."-Incorrect.

• This description actually matches the trait approach more closely.
  The type approach, on the other hand, categorizes people into distinct personality types, such as introvert vs. extrovert, or Type A vs. Type B, based on qualitative differences, not continuous traits.

Therefore, Correct Answer- Option D

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2

Key Points

• Freud has described many different kinds of defence mechanisms. The most important is repression, in which anxiety-provoking behaviours or thoughts are totally dismissed by the unconscious. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Other major defence mechanisms are projection, denial, reaction formation and rationalisation. In projection, people attribute their own traits to others. Thus, a person who has strong aggressive tendencies may see other people as acting in an excessively aggressive way toward her/him. Hence statement 2 is correct.

Statement 1:"This approach has given importance to the internal dynamics of behaviour."-Incorrect

• The behavioural approach deliberately ignores internal mental processes (thoughts, feelings, unconscious motives), focusing only on observable behaviour.
• It believes behaviour is shaped by the environment through learning (stimulus-response associations).
• Internal dynamics are central to psychoanalytic or cognitive approaches, not behavioural.

Statement 2:"It focuses on learning stimulus-response connections and their reinforcement."- Correct

• This is a core principle of the behavioural approach (seen in theories by Pavlov, Skinner, and Watson).
• It emphasizes conditioning (classical and operant) and how behaviour is learned and maintained through reinforcement and punishment

The correct answer is 1.

Key Points

- Gordon Allport is considered the pioneer of the trait approach. He proposed that individuals possess a number of traits, which are dynamic in nature.

- Raymond Cattell developed a test, called the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), for the assessment of personality. This test is widely used by psychologists.

- Psychodynamic Approach: This is a highly popular approach to studying personality. This view owes largely to the contributions of Sigmund Freud. He was a physician and developed this theory in the course of his clinical practice. Hence, option 1-a is correct.

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

1. Carl Jung: Aims and Aspirations (c)

2. Karen Horney: Optimism (b)

3. Erich Fromm: Lifestyle and Social Interest (d)

4. Alfred Adler: The Human Concerns. (a)

Hence option 1 is correct.

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

• All definitions of attitudes agree that an attitude is a state of the mind, a set of views, or thoughts, regarding some topic (called the ‘attitude object’), which have an evaluative feature (positive, negative or neutral quality).
• It is accompanied by an emotional component, and a tendency to act in a particular way with regard to the attitude object.
• The thought component is referred to as the cognitive aspect, the emotional component is known as the affective aspect, and the tendency to act is called the behavioural (or conative) aspect. Hence option 1 is correct.

Frustration results from the blocking of needs and motives by something or someone that hinders us from achieving a desired goal. There could be several causes of frustration, such as social discrimination, interpersonal hurt, or low grades in school. Conflicts arise between two or more incompatible needs, such as choosing between studying dance or psychology. Internal pressures stem from expectations we place on ourselves.