Psychology Test - 22

According to research by Latane and Darley, witnesses failed to intervene and help Kitty Genovese before she was murdered due to several psychological factors:

• Ignorance about how others were interpreting the situation led witnesses to remain passive.

• The diffusion of responsibility made individuals feel less accountable for taking action.

• Many feared embarrassment if they acted inappropriately in front of others.

All these factors contributed to a lack of intervention during the incident.

The emotional response (sadness) reflects an attitude, but since there is no corresponding behavior (action), it doesn't indicate a direct behaviour or belief.

Self-esteem reflects how we perceive our worth. Attitudes that shape how we view ourselves are closely related to our self-esteem.

Advertising aims to change attitudes in order to influence consumer behavior, encouraging actions like purchasing a product or service.

The correct answer is Menarche

Key Points

• Menarche is defined as the first menstrual period in a female adolescent.
• Menarche typically occurs between the ages of 10 and 16, with the average age of onset being 12.4 years.
• Menarche happens during a time of physical and sexual maturation in adolescence known as puberty.
• It is common for menarche to occur and then for a young girl not to get another period for a few months.
• This is because it can take a while for the hormone cascade that is responsible for ovulation and regular menstruation to mature.
• Even if a girl’s menstrual cycles are not regular, they have still passed menarche because they have had their first period.

The On set of Menarche:

• The onset of menarche is sort of predictable. Typically menarche will occur about 2 ½ to 3 years after the first appearance of breast buds.
• The time between breast buds and menarche is when girls may start to have problems with skin breakouts.
• It is also a time when girls can become moodier and start to talk back to their parents. A girl’s growth spurt typically happens a few months before menarche.
• Menarche is a normal process of maturation in girls along with the other changes that happen to a girl’s body during puberty.
• The timing of menarche is important.
• If a young girl has her first period before the age of 8 she likely has a condition known as precocious puberty. This is not normal and needs further medical attention.
• If a girl has had an otherwise normal development of her breasts and pubic hair but does not have her first period by the age of 16, she could also have a problem. This is known as delayed menarche or primary amenorrhea.

The correct answer is Reception of stimulus.

Key Points:

• The listening process begins with reception, where the ears detect auditory stimuli (sounds).
• Subsequent steps include attending (focusing on the stimuli) and interpreting (assigning meaning to the sounds).

The correct answer is C: Exorcism.

Key Points:

Exorcism is a ritual aimed at expelling evil spirits from an individual using counter-magic or prayer, practiced in various cultures.

Explanation:

Option A (Decorcism) is not a recognized term.

Option B (Reportism) is unrelated to the concept.

Option D is incorrect, as exorcism is a valid practice.

As Cognitive Therapy suggests, repeated occurrence of negative thoughts leads to the development of feelings of anxiety and depression. The therapist uses gentle questioning and does non-threatening disputation of the client's beliefs and thoughts. Examples of such question would be, "Why should everyone love you?", "What does it mean to you to succeed?", etc. The questions make the client think in a direction opposite to that of the negative automatic thoughts whereby s/he gains insight into the nature of her/his dysfunctional schemas and is able to alter her/his cognitive structures.

The correct answer is B: Rational Emotive Therapy (RET).

Key Points:

RET, developed by Albert Ellis, targets irrational beliefs (e.g., needing universal approval) by challenging them to reduce emotional distress.

Explanation:

CBT (A) addresses negative thoughts but is broader than RET’s focus on irrational beliefs.

Behaviour therapy (C) focuses on actions, not beliefs.

Logotherapy (D) emphasizes meaning, not cognitive restructuring.

Hans Selye is titled as “The Father of Modern Stress Research” for his psychological study on stress and its effects.