Psychology Test - 8

The correct answer is All of the above.

Key Points

Factors Predisposing Depression :

• Genetic makeup or heredity is an important risk factor for major depression and other depressive disorders.
• Age is also a risk factor. For instance, women are particularly at risk during young adulthood, while for men risk is highest in early middle age.
• Similarly, gender also plays a great role in this differential risk addition. For example, women in comparison to men are more likely to report a depressive disorder.
• Other risk factors are experiencing negative life events and lack of social support

The correct answer is The psychodynamic model.

Key Points

• The psychological models include the psychodynamic, behavioural, cognitive, and humanistic-existential models.
• The psychodynamic model is the oldest and most famous of the modern psychological models.
• Psychodynamic theorists believe that behaviour, whether normal or abnormal, is determined by psychological forces within the person of which s/he is not consciously aware.
• These internal forces are considered dynamic, i.e. they interact with one another and their interaction gives shape to behaviour, thoughts and emotions.
• Abnormal symptoms are viewed as the result of conflicts between these forces.
   

Additional Information

• The behavioural model states that both normal and abnormal behaviours are learned and psychological disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving.
• The cognitive model states that abnormal functioning can result from cognitive problems. People may hold assumptions and attitudes about themselves that are irrational and inaccurate.
• The humanistic-existential model focuses on broader aspects of human existence. Humanists believe that human beings are born with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative and constructive, and are driven to self-actualise, i.e. to fulfil this potential for goodness and growth

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

Key Points

Bipolar and Related Disorders

• Bipolar I disorder involves both mania and depression, which are alternately present and sometimes interrupted by periods of normal mood. Manic episodes rarely appear by themselves; they usually alternate with depression.
• Bipolar mood disorders were earlier referred to as manic-depressive disorders.
• Some examples of types of bipolar and related disorders include
  • Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II disorder and Cyclothymic Disorder.

The correct answer is Somatic symptom disorder.

Key Points

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

• These are conditions in which there are physical symptoms in the absence of physical disease.
• In these disorders, the individual has psychological difficulties and complains of physical symptoms, for which there is no biological cause.
• These include conversion disorders, somatic symptom disorder, and illness anxiety disorder among others.
• Somatic symptom disorder involves a person having persistent body-related symptoms which may or may not be related to any serious medical condition.
• People with this disorder tend to be overly preoccupied with their symptoms and they continually worry about their health and make frequent visits to doctors.
• As a result, they experience significant distress and disturbances in their daily life.

The correct answer is Panic disorder.

Key Points

Anxiety Disorders

• Everyone has worries and fears.
• The term anxiety is usually defined as a diffuse, vague, very unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension.
• The anxious individual also shows combinations of the following symptoms: rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, fainting, dizziness, sweating, sleeplessness, frequent urination and tremors.
• Another type of anxiety disorder is panic disorder, which consists of recurrent anxiety attacks in which the person experiences intense terror.
• A panic attack denotes an abrupt surge of intense anxiety rising to a peak when thoughts of particular stimuli are present. Such thoughts occur in an unpredictable manner.
• The clinical features include shortness of breath, dizziness, trembling, palpitations, choking, nausea, chest pain or discomfort, fear of going crazy, losing control or dying

The correct answer is Opioid: LSD.

LSD is a hallucinogen. 

Key Points

Commonly Abused Substances (Following the DSM-5 Classification)

• Alcohol 
• Stimulants: Dextroamphetamines, Metaamphetamines, cocaine
• Caffeine: Coffee, tea, caffeinated soda, analgesics, chocolate, cocoa
• Cannabis: Marijuana or ‘bhang’
• Tobacco: Cigarettes, Bidi 
• Hallucinogens: LSD, Mescaline
• Inhalants: Gasoline, glue, paint thinners, spray paints, typewriter correction fluid, sprays
• Opioids: morphine, heroin, cough syrup, painkillers (analgesics, anaesthetics)
• Sedatives, Hypnotics or Anxiolytics: sleeping pills, anti-anxiety medication

The correct answer is Oppositional Defiant Disorder.

Key Points

Disruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disorders

• The disorders included under this category are Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder and others.
• Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) display age-inappropriate amounts of stubbornness, are irritable, defiant, disobedient, and behave in a hostile manner.
• Individuals with ODD do not see themselves as angry, oppositional, or defiant and often justify their behaviour as a reaction to circumstances/demands.
• Thus, the symptoms of the disorder become entangled with problematic interactions with others.
• The terms conduct disorder and antisocial behaviour refer to age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, and the personal or property rights of others. 

The correct answer is Schizophrenia.

Key Points

• Schizophrenia is the descriptive term for a group of psychotic disorders in which personal, social and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of disturbed thought processes, strange perceptions, unusual emotional states, and motor abnormalities.
• It is a debilitating disorder.
• The social and psychological costs of schizophrenia are tremendous, both to patients as well as to their families and society.

The correct answer is a diathesis-stress model.

Key Points

Diathesis-stress model.

• This model states that psychological disorders develop when a diathesis (biological predisposition to the disorder) is set off by a stressful situation.
• This model has three components.
• The first is the diathesis or the presence of some biological aberration which may be inherited.
• The second component is that the diathesis may carry a vulnerability to develop a psychological disorder. This means that the person is ‘at risk’ or ‘predisposed’ to develop the disorder.
• The third component is the presence of pathogenic stressors, i.e. factors/ stressors that may lead to psychopathology. If such “at risk” persons are exposed to these stressors, their predisposition may actually evolve into a disorder.
• This model has been applied to several disorders including anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia.

The correct answer is International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).

Key Points

• The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has published an official manual describing and classifying various kinds of psychological disorders.
• The current version of it, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), presents discrete clinical criteria which indicate the presence or absence of disorders.
• The classification scheme officially used in India and elsewhere is the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), which is known as the ICD-10 Classification of Behavioural and Mental Disorders. It was prepared by the World Health Organisation (WHO).
• For each disorder, a description of the main clinical features or symptoms, and of other associated features including diagnostic guidelines is provided in this scheme.