Sociology Test - 11

The correct answer is socious.

Key Points

• The word “sociology” is derived from the Latin word socius (companion) and the Greek word logos (speech or reason), which together mean “reasoned speech about companionship”. Hence (option 4 )is correct.
• Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior.
• Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts.
• Since all human behavior is social, the subject matter of sociology ranges from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious cults; from the divisions of race, gender and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture; and from the sociology of work to the sociology of sports.
• In fact, few fields have such broad scope and relevance for research, theory, and application of knowledge.
• Sociology provides many distinctive perspectives on the world, generating new ideas and critiquing the old.
• The field also offers a range of research techniques that can be applied to virtually any aspect of social life: street crime and delinquency, corporate downsizing, how people express emotions, welfare or education reform, how families differ and flourish, or problems of peace and war.
• Because sociology addresses the most challenging issues of our time, it is a rapidly expanding field whose potential is increasingly tapped by those who craft policies and create programs.
• Sociologists understand social inequality, patterns of behavior, forces for social change and resistance, and how social systems work.

The correct answer is social stratification.

Key Points

• Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of social standing. 
• Social stratification refers to a society’s categorization of its people into rankings based on factors like wealth, income, education, family background, and power. Hence (option 3 is correct)
• Geologists also use the word “stratification” to describe the distinct vertical layers found in rock. Typically, society’s layers, made of people, represent the uneven distribution of society’s resources.
• Society views the people with more resources as the top layer of the social structure of stratification.
• Other groups of people, with fewer and fewer resources, represent the lower layers. An individual’s place within this stratification is called socioeconomic status (SES).
• However, sociologists recognize social stratification as a society-wide system that makes inequalities apparent.
• While inequalities exist between individuals, sociologists are interested in larger social patterns.
• Sociologists look to see if individuals with similar backgrounds, group memberships, identities, and location in the country share the same social stratification.
• No individual, rich or poor, can be blamed for social inequalities, but instead all participate in a system where some rise and others fall. 
• Factors that define stratification vary in different societies.
• In most societies, stratification is an economic system, based on wealth, the net value of money and assets a person has, and income, a person’s wages or investment dividends.
• While people are regularly categorized based on how rich or poor they are, other important factors influence social standing.

The correct answer is time boundness.

Key Points

• Social exclusion is what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime, poor health and family breakdown.
• Social exclusion is a complex and multi-dimensional process.
• It involves the lack or denial of resources, rights, goods and services, and the inability to participate in the normal relationships and activities, available to the majority of people in a society, whether in economic, social, cultural or political arenas.
• It affects both the quality of life of individuals and the equity and cohesion of society as a whole.
• In the last 'Poverty and Social Exclusion survey in 1999, the indicators of the extent of social relations and an ability to participate in society that had been covered in the Breadline Britain surveys were extended to widen the investigation.
• Levels of social participation were found to be affected by age, gender, household type and employment status as well as poverty.
• Of all those variables, poverty had the strongest negative effect on social relationships.
• Time-Bound Words argues that changes in English society and the English language are woven together, often in surprising ways, and investigates this claim by following eleven words from Chaucer's time to Shakespeare's.

The correct answer is Occupation.

Key Points

• Besides wealth, occupation and education, there are certain other criteria which help a person to attain higher social status in the society.
• These are family background, kinship relations, location of residence etc., but education, occupation and expanded income are the most fairly visible clues of social class. Hence(option 2 is correct).
• social class, also called class, a group of people within a society who possess the same socioeconomics status.
• Besides being important in social theory, the concept of class as a collection of individuals sharing similar economic circumstances has been widely used in censuses and in studies of social mobility .
• The term class first came into wide use in the early 19th century, replacing such terms as rank and order as descriptions of the major hierarchical groupings in society. 
• The class system is a system of stratification of society on the basis of education, property, business/work etc.
• Sociology as a subject deals with the Class System and provides definitions and understanding of the subject of class in society.
• Karl Max - 'Man is a class animal' i.e. his status age, education etc are not same in the society.
• Common Basis For Division Of Class:
  • Property – capitalist & the poor – the haves & the have nots.
  • Education - Illiterate & literate
  • Business or Occupation - farmers, clerk officers, industrialists etc.
• In general, class consciousness is a must in the class system.
• The behavior of a person is fixed due to their class consciousness.

The correct answer is Sabhas.

Key Points

• Varna system is the social stratification based on the Varnas.
• Four basic categories are defined under this system - Brahmins (priests, teachers, intellectuals), Kshatriyas (warriors, kings, administrators),Vaishyas (agriculturalists, traders, farmers ) and Shudras (workers, labourers, artisans).hence (option 4 )is correct.
• Varna is a fundamental concept underlying the Hindu society.
• It is not just about the way how society is structured but also it has become a part of a man’s identity.
• The modern day class and caste conflict in India traces its root to the Varna system.
• Thus, it becomes very important to understand its origin.
• The varna originated with the arrival of Aryans in India around 1500 BC.
•  The Aryan invasion led to clashes between them and the original inhabitants of the subcontinent who were called the Dashuds.
• When the Aryans conquered India, they suppressed and enslaved the dashuds who were dark in colour (varna meaning colour). 
• The Dashuds may be considered as the ancestors of the Shudras who are the fourth caste in the varna system.
• The Aryans organized among themselves into three groups, namely, Rajayana (later changed to Kshatriyas), Brahmins and the Vaishyas. 
• The basic idea was division of labor in the society. As the Aryans conquers expanded, they suppressed and enslaved the local people to serve the three classes and these local people came to be known as the helpers or the Shudras. 
• In the caste hierarchy, the dark skinned were outcasts. The skin color was an important factor in the caste system as the word varna itself refers to color.
• According to this theory, Dravidians were the original inhabitants whom Aryans pushed into the Southern India.

The Correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• Institutional structures are the social arrangements, including both formal and informal rules and practices, that shape and influence women and girls' ability to express agency and assert control over resources.
• Institutional Structures that facilitate the involvement of stakeholders in the development and implementation of appropriate natural resource management strategies and policies need to be developed.
• There are some instances where developed countries have implemented integrated catchment management programs through legal, institutional, and policy approaches. 
• Institutions are the capital stock for policy-making.
• Institutions affect the production of policy in practice: how economic policy is made, how it is reviewed, and how it is implemented. What happens in practice can often be much different than what is described on paper.
• Economic actors see what happens in practice.
• Thus the nature of institutions is crucial for economic actors' assessments of policy credibility.
• Institutional structures can constrain the policy options available to individual policy-makers or government organs.
• A horizontal separation of power among government organs, such as the separation of executive, legislative, and judicial organs, can ensuring that the policy-making process is subject to review and constraints from multiple centers of government power.
• Regular elections provide for a review of government actions and a possible temporal constraint on new policies.
• Bureaucratic and administrative hierarchies with distributed and circumscribed responsibilities foster decision-making inertia.
• By making major policy changes more difficult, institutional structhe ture can promote the credibility of current policy.

The Correct answer is 1839.

Key Points

• "Sociology" was later defined independently by French philosopher of science Auguste Comte in 1838 as a new way of looking at society.
• The word “sociology” is derived from the Latin word socius (companion) and the Greek word logos (speech or reason), which together mean “reasoned speech about companionship”. 
•  Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior.
• Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts.
• Since all human behavior is social, the subject matter of sociology ranges from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious cults; from the divisions of race, gender and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture; and from the sociology of work to the sociology of sports.
• In fact, few fields have such broad scope and relevance for research, theory, and application of knowledge.
• Sociology provides many distinctive perspectives on the world, generating new ideas and critiquing the old.
• The field also offers a range of research techniques that can be applied to virtually any aspect of social life: street crime and delinquency, corporate downsizing, how people express emotions, welfare or education reform, how families differ and flourish, or problems of peace and war.
• Because sociology addresses the most challenging issues of our time, it is a rapidly expanding field whose potential is increasingly tapped by those who craft policies and create programs.
• Sociologists understand social inequality, patterns of behavior, forces for social change and resistance, and how social systems work.

The correct answer is We Feeling.

Key Points

• Meaning of community can be better understood if we analyze its characteristics or elements.
• These characteristics decide whether a group is a community or not.
• However, community has the following characteristics or elements:
  •  A group of people: A group of people is the most fundamental or essential characteristic or element of community.
  • This group may be small or large but community always refers to a group of people.
  •  A definite locality: It is the next important characteristic of a community. Because community is a territorial group. A group of people alone can’t form a community.
  • Community Sentiments: It is another important characteristic or element of community. Because without community sentiment a community can’t be formed only with a group of people and a definite locality.
  • Naturality: Communities are naturally organised. It is neither a product of human will nor created by an act of government. It grows spontaneously. Individuals became the member by birth.
  • Permanence: community is always a permanent group. It refers to a permanent living of individuals within a definite territory. It is not temporary like that of a crowd or association.
  • Similarity :The members of a community are similar in a number of ways. As they live within a definite locality they lead a common life and share some common ends. 
  • wider ends: A community has wider ends. Members of a community associate not for the fulfillment of a particular end but for a variety of ends. These are natural for a community.
  • No Legal status: A community has no legal status because it is not a legal person. It has no rights and duties in the eyes of law. It is not created by the law of the land.
  • Size of Community: A community is classified on the basis of it’s size. It may be big or small. Village is an example of a small community whereas a nation or even the world is an example of a big community. Both the type of community are essential for human life.
  • Concrete Nature: A community is concrete in nature. As it refers to a group of people living in a particular locality we can see its existence.

The Correct answer is French Revolution.

Key Points

• Auguste Comte (1798–1857), widely considered the “father of sociology,” became interested in studying society because of the changes that took place as a result of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. Hence (option 3) is correct.
• During the French Revolution, which began in 1789, France’s class system changed dramatically.
• Aristocrats suddenly lost their money and status, while peasants, who had been at the bottom of the social ladder, rose to more powerful and influential positions.
• The Industrial Revolution followed on the heels of the French Revolution, unfolding in Western Europe throughout the 1800s.
  • During the Industrial Revolution, people abandoned a life of agriculture and moved to cities to find factory jobs.
  • They worked long hours in dangerous conditions for low pay.
  • New social problems emerged and, for many decades, little was done to address the plight of the urban poor.
  • Comte looked at the extensive changes brought about by the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution and tried to make sense of them.
  • He felt that the social sciences that existed at the time, including political science and history, couldn’t adequately explain the chaos and upheaval he saw around him.
• He decided an entirely new science was needed.
• He called this new science sociology, which comes from the root word socius, a Latin word that means “companion” or “being with others.”
• Comte decided that to understand society, one had to follow certain procedures, which we know now as the Scientific Method. 
• The scientific method is the use of systematic and specific procedures to test theories in psychology, the natural sciences, and other fields.
• Comte also believed in Positivism, which is the application of the scientific method to the analysis of society.​

The correct answer is All of the above.

Key Points

•  Several sociologists hold that in older times there was nothing known as a family.
•  Even Westermarck wrote in his History of Human Marriage that the family resulted from male possessiveness and jealousy, for the dominant male claimed monopolistic rights over his women and guarded them by force, until custom established the institution of family and secured his rights.
• Briffault, of course, dissents and maintains that matriarchy was the rule even when the family came into being.
• However, if we accept the assumptions of pre-familial permissiveness, it would follow that the family is not a universal system and that it is a mere development in a stage of the evolution of society and therefore not enduring.
• The assumption is based on certain observations made by them as to certain practices among human kind.
• Certain tribes exchange wives or even offer wives by way of hospitality and, among some, festivals of fertility rites raise presumptions as to the strictness of moral codes of ancient times relating to sex.
•  
• Again, classification of relationships according to sex or age merely goes to prove that there was always some idea as to organizing family or kin relationships, and not that there existed no family at all.
•  Research studies do not reveal any practice of permissive sex relationships; and wherever paternity is a very, confused idea, one does not necessarily find a total absence of familial institutions.
• Families might therefore be regarded as groups that existed at all times, and the universal factor about all types and all variations of families is that there is a basic and common function of child-bearing and the upbringing of it jointly by certain individuals.