Sociology Test - 4

The correct answer is factories.

Key Points

• Simply described, "industry" is the part of economic activity concerned with the production of things from raw materials, whether finished goods or "semi-products" (items that go into other products).
• After defining sociology and industry, we can investigate what the sociology of the industry means according to various experts.
• Industrial sociology studies, the industry as a social system, as well as the variables (technical, economic, and political) that influence its structure, functions, and changes.
• The word industrial denotes the application of sociological ideas and methodologies to a specific section of society, namely the economic role of creating and distributing the goods and services that society demands.
• Industrial development means any development involving the use of premises (land and buildings) for manufacturing, processing, bulk storage, warehousing, servicing and repair activities, or if the use of premises is unknown, any development in an industrial zone.
• Facilities for processing, manufacturing, and storing finished or semi-finished goods, including but not limited to oil, metal, or mineral product refining, power generating facilities, including hydropower, shipbuilding and major repair, and storage and repair of large trucks and other large vehicles or heavy equipment, are all examples of industrial development.

The correct answer is Marriage.

Key Points

• Marriage, often known as matrimony or wedlock, is a legally and culturally recognized union between two persons known as spouses.
• It specifies their rights and obligations, as well as their rights and obligations to their children and in-laws.
• Marriage is regarded as a cultural universal, but its definition changed among cultures and religions, as well as over time.
• It is frequently a place where interpersonal ties, mainly sexual ones, are accepted or sanctioned.
• Marriage is advised or regarded mandatory in several cultures before engaging in any sexual activity.
• A wedding is a name for a wedding ceremony.
• Legal, social, libidinal, emotional, financial, spiritual, and religious grounds are all valid motivations for people to marry.
• Gender, socially driven restrictions of incest, prescriptive marriage rules, parental decision, and individual desire may all impact who they marries.

The correct answer is agricultural production.

Key Points

• A society is a group of people who live in a defined community and share cultural characteristics.
• Society, on a larger scale, is made up of the people and institutions that surround us, as well as our common beliefs and cultural ideals.
• Many societies, on average, share a political authority.
• Before the Industrial Revolution and the widespread use of machines, societies were small, rural and dependent largely on local resources.
• Economic production was limited to the amount of labor a human being could provide, and there were few specialized occupations.
• The very first occupation was that of farmers and hunter-gatherers. Hence option 2) is correct.
• Pastoral societies, such as the Maasai villagers, rely on the domestication of animals as a resource for survival.
• Unlike earlier hunter-gatherers who depended entirely on existing resources to stay alive, pastoral groups were able to breed livestock for food, clothing, and transportation, and they created a surplus of goods. 

The correct answer is Max Weber.

Key Points

• Max Weber, a German sociologist, economist, and politician, wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Hence option 3) is correct.
• The original German book was written in 1904 and 1905 as a series of articles, and it was first translated into English in 1930 by American sociologist Talcott Parsons.
• It is regarded as a seminal work in economic sociology and a seminal contribution to sociological philosophy.
• In the book, Weber claims that capitalism arose in Northern Europe as a result of huge numbers of individuals being persuaded by the Protestant (especially Calvinist) ethic to labour in the secular world, build their own businesses, engage in trade, and accumulate wealth for investment.
• In other words, the Protestant work ethic was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated emergence of modern capitalism.
• Apart from Calvinists, Weber discusses Lutherans (particularly Pietists), Methodists, Baptists, Quakers, and Moravians (specifically referring to the Herrnhut-based community under Count von Zinzendorf's spiritual leadership).
• After Weber's Economy and Society, Mills' The Sociological Imagination, and Merton's Social Theory and Social Structure the International Sociological Association named this work the fourth most influential sociological book of the twentieth century in 1998.

The correct answer is supernatural.

Key Points

• French sociologist Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), considered by many as the father of social science and whose group Annee Sociologique made major contributions to the study of religion, regarded the dichotomy between sacred and profane as the essence of religion.
• He stated: “Religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden ...”
• Religion, according to Durkheim, is about separating the holy from the profane.
• Those communal images that are set apart from society, or that transcend the monotony of everyday life, is referred to as sacred.
• Rituals, for example, reaffirm the meaning of the sacred by acknowledging its separateness, such as when religious devotees pray to a particular statue or symbol. Hence sacred relates to the supernatural.
• The profane, on the other hand, encompasses everything else, including our jobs, bills, and rush-hour commutes. Hence option 1) is correct.
• Religion is the act of drawing a line between these two worlds and keeping it there.

The correct answer is Authority Relations.

Key Points

• A crucial component to Dahrendorf’s conflict theory is the idea of authority. Although it initially appears to be an individual issue and psychological, Dahrendorf argues that authority is related to positions not individuals.
• In this way, subordination and authority are products of expectation specified by society, and if those roles are not adhered to, sanctions are imposed. 
• Dahrendorf expands on this idea with the notion that roles of authority may conflict when in different positions that call for different things.
• According to Dahrendorf, these different defined areas of society where people’s roles may be different are called imperatively coordinated associations. The groups of society in different associations are drawn together by their common interests.
• Dahrendorf explains that latent interests are natural interests that arise unconsciously in conflict between superordinates and subordinates.
• He defines manifest interests as latent interests when they are realized.
• Dahrendorf believed that the basis of class conflict was the division of three groups of society: quasi groups, interest groups, and conflict groups.
• Thus, society can be split up into the "command class" and the "obey class" and class conflict should refer to situations of struggle between those with authority and those without. 

The correct answer is Maclver and Page.

Key Points

• In general, a community is a group of people living in a particular area and having a feeling of common living and identity. 
• Bogardus: Community is “a social group with some degree of we-feeling living in a given area.” 
• Ogburn and Nimkoff: “A community is a group or collection of groups that inhibit a locality.” 
• MacIver and Page: “A community is an area of social living marked by some degree of social coherence.”
• MacIver and Page have listed two bases of community: 
  • Locality: A community always occupies a territorial area. The strong bond of solidarity that we find among the members of a community is derived from the condition of locality (living in a definite geographic area). To some extent, this local bond has been weakened in the modern world by the extending facilities of communication. However, the extension of communication itself is responsible for the expansion of communities far and wide. 
  • Community Sentiment: Locality (though a necessary condition) is not enough to create a community. It needs a feeling of belonging together (we-feeling). There must be a common living with its awareness of sharing a way of life as well as the common earth.
• ​For a better understanding of the concept of community, the following are listed its main features (characteristics): 
  • A community is a group of people. 
  • It has a delimited geographic area or locality. 
  • It is marked by a common culture and social system. 
  • There exists a consciousness among the members about their unity and sense of belongingness. 
  • Members of a community act collectively in an organised manner. Mostly there exists a division of labour in a community. 
  • A community is not deliberately created, it establishes in a natural way. It is much more stable and permanent. 
  • Informal means of social control are used in a community.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Solution: 

• The functional theory of stratification advanced by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore recommends that social inequalities are functional for society.
• They come up with an incentive for the most talented individuals to engaged jobs that are essential to the orderly maintenance of a society
• Critics of Davis and Moore's theory proposed that stratification actually erodes the stability within a society.
• Due to unequal access to opportunities, the inordinate amount of power given to elites, and the institutionalization of social distance between various members of a society.

The correct answer is Option1.

Key Points

• Lewis Coser propounded the concept of 'internal and external conflict’.

• According to Coser's point of view, conflict theory is a functional social system.

• He described that conflicts that occur in society do not merely display a negative function.

• However, conflict can also have a positive effect on the ongoing social order.

• It helps in consolidating a society or a group when some external aggression occurs.

• Conflict prevents the calcification of the social system by exerting pressure for innovation and creativity. 

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• Classification of society as militant and industrial was given by Herbert Spencer.

• Spencer offered a secondary system of classifying societies, although this one became better known than his primary system of classifying societies by their degree of com- pounding

• Militant Society, Individuals exist for benefit of state;

• Restraints on liberty, property, and mobility - Industrial Society, State exists for benefit of individuals, freedom, few limitations on property and mobility.