Teaching Aptitude Test - 12

The word ‘Yoga’ has originally been derived from the Sanskrit word ‘yuj’ which means ‘to unite’ or ‘to join’. The union of body, mind, and soul. In Hatha yoga, the ultimate aim of yoga and yogic practices has been derived as ‘integration of personality at the highest level. 

Key Points

• Yoga is not only meant for physical or mental exercises. As stated earlier, it is a philosophy – a way of living life. According to Patanjali, the main cause of all our pain and sorrow is Avidya (Ignorance) – lack of awareness. 
• Yoga which is usually considered for spiritual purposes now has been accepted as a science of health. Practicing yoga does not imply the prevention and treatment of diseases but leads one to achieve positive health. 

Important Points

Therefore, yoga education is considered an important part of the curriculum.

Aims and Objectives of Yoga Education are - 

• have good fitness;
• practice mental health;
• possess emotional stability;
• integrate moral and spiritual values; and
• attain a higher level of consciousness for oneself and the surroundings.

Therefore, all the options given in the above question are correct.

Additional Information

• Yoga which originated in India has spread all over the world. The world has realized the benefits of yoga to a great extent.
• Yoga is an invaluable gift of ancient Indian tradition. It embodies unity of mind and body; thought and action; restraint and fulfillment; harmony between man and nature and a holistic approach to health and well-being. Yoga is not about exercise but discovering a sense of oneness with ourselves, the world, and nature. 

The word ‘Yoga’ has originally been derived from the Sanskrit word ‘yuj’ which means ‘to unite’ or ‘to join’. The union of body, mind, and soul. The ultimate aim of yoga and yogic practices has been derived as ‘integration of personality at the highest level.

 Key PointsYoga education helps the students in self-discipline and self-control, leading to an immense amount of awareness, concentration, and a higher level of consciousness.

Aims and Objectives of Yoga Education are - 

• it can help in the prevention of diseases by strengthening the immune system of our body;
• it is a medium to bring harmony between mind and body;
• It helpful in the regulation of mental modification that helps in keeping control of the hyperactive state of mind;
• it further helps in emotion regulation;
• it has been scientifically proven that yogic practices can effectively manage psychiatric and neurological disorders.;
• It reduce anxiety, and insecurity and improve overall mental health;
• It is also useful as a corrective measure for certain postural deformities such as sclerosis, lordosis, stoop neck, knock knee, etc.; and

Therefore, all the options given in the above question are correct.

Additional Information

• Over a long period of time many yogis, philosophers, and scholars such as Patanjali, Gandhiji, Sri Aurobindo, and various others have accepted yoga as a tool for self-realization.
• Gandhiji’s morality is purely grounded on the realization of the actual self (atman), which includes identification with life which is, according to him, impossible without self-purification.
• The first step towards self-purification is self-analysis and the second is subjective moral purification. Awareness of one’s own motives precedes the possibility of choice between motives and goals. Self-analysis and self-purification may become more intense through fasting and prayer, says Gandhiji in the light of his own experiences. 

Posture means placing the body in the correct position while sitting, standing, sleeping, and also during activities like playing. 

Key Points

The posture of a person includes the way they sit, stand, walk, etc.

• Good or Correct posture is one, in which the body is so balanced as to produce the least fatigue.
• Correct or good posture in the position of the body held without any sense of effort.
• The efficiency of the body depends upon good posture. It is directly related to the health status of an individual.
• With good posture the various organs of the body get rest, the body does not yet easily tired and the person remains in good health. 

Advantages of Correct Posture:

• Good physical Appearance
• Grace & Efficiency of movement-
  • Physical Fitness
  • Hygiene Value
  • Social Value 

Important Points

• Correct Sitting Posture: In the correct sitting posture, the backbone should be so the natural curve should be visible. The upper region of the backbone should be straight against the back of the chair. The Head should be in line with the hip and shoulder. Arms should be balanced, the waist should touch the back of the chair. The thigh should be in a straight line resting on the seat legs rest vertically on the feet.
• Correct Standing Posture: In the correct standing posture, feet apart about 8 to 12 inches Feet should be parallel to each other and balanced evenly on both feet. Hold the head straight, chin parallel to the floor, and keep shoulder hips, and knees in a straight line. From the side view ear, shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle should be centered along an imaginary straight line.

Hence, we can conclude that the way that a person sits, stand, work etc. is known as posture.

There are a number of misconceptions related to physical education. Some people do not agree that it is a part of the educational process. The fact is that skill, fitness, performance, and health are parts of physical education.

• It addresses the educational and developmental values that are the results of participation in physical activities. Participation in these activities develops a social or cooperative attitude, good character, and a balanced personality.
• However, when one fails to recognize this holistic approach to physical education, it results in a number of misconceptions. 

Key Points

It becomes important for all of us to understand what we think and how the modern world is looked at by educated and disciplined people of society.

Some of the common myths associated with physical education are given below -

• is all about physical training only.
• is only about participation in games.
• is about building the body.
• is performing drills.
• is play.
• has poor social status.
• has no job or career prospects.
• leads to indiscipline.
• is a waste of money only.

Hence, Physical education is required in higher classes for the development of motor skills and enhancement of reflexes is not a misconception. rather it's an advantage.

Physical Education is an education that brings improvement in human performance with the help of physical activities. Physical activities range from simple walking to jogging, running, sprinting, hopping, jumping, climbing, throwing, pushing, pulling, kicking, etc. Education without physical activities is like a body without a soul.

According to the Ministry of Education and National Planning for Physical Education and Recreation, “The aim of physical education must be to make every child physically, mentally and emotionally fit and also to develop in him personal and social qualities that will help to live happily with others. The physical education program should also aim to build good citizens of the country.” 

Key Points

1. The need and importance of physical education may be understood in several ways which describe the different kinds of requirements for various sections of society.
2. Health and Physical Education must continue to be a compulsory subject from the primary, to the secondary stages, and as an optional subject at the higher secondary stage.
3. However, it needs to be given equal status with other subjects, a status that is not being given at present.
4. In order to transact the curriculum effectively, it is essential to ensure that the minimum essential physical space and equipment are available in every school and that doctors and medical personnel visit the school regularly. 
5. Regular exercises and playing games help the body and mind deal with the modern-day silent killers, such as stress, strain, worry, anxiety, and tension.

Hence, physical education training is given as compulsory training during the primary and secondary stages.

Important Points

The need and importance of physical education for every section of people in the modern society can be understood from the points given below—

• Optimum development of child’s physical growth
• Intellectual development
• Emotional development
• Social development
• Personal development
• Character building
• Physical fitness
• Development as a disciplined citizen of the country
• Developing leadership qualities
• Healthy and safe environment
• Development of national integration
• Better international understanding

Physical education includes content with regard to talent identification, development of components in relation to a specific sport, and understanding of various types of activities like aerobic, anaerobic, rhythmic, and calisthenics. Training programs, learning, and perfection of various movements, sports skills, techniques, and tactical patterns, warming up, load adaptation, recovery, and cooling down are also a part of physical education.  

Key Points

Guidelines for teaching a new skill in physical education are as follows -

• Coach should introduces the rules and steps of the skill to students and provides clear verbal or written instructions on how to perform the skill.
• Proper warming up is first given to the students.
• The coach should perform a quick demonstration of the skills.
• The coach should watch the student apply the said skill through practice and should help them make corrections in the skills.
• The students should continue with the skill practice.
• At last, the coach should test the student to see if she can perform it correctly.

Hence, the coach should test the student to see if she can perform it correctly at the last.

Additional Information

The following points are significant for the appreciation and development of the skill and the need for adopting an appropriate teaching-learning methodology:

• Physical education is necessary to ensure the participation of all children in free play, informal and formal games, and sports activities. All students must be involved in health and physical education activities. Those who choose to excel in games and sports need to be provided an adequate opportunity.
• Involvement of all learners means that even those students need to be involved, who are at the risk of marginalization, for instance, who are differently-abled. Such involvement will empower them to overcome the sense of helplessness, inferiority, and stigma. Differences between students must be viewed as resources for supporting learning rather than as a problem. Inclusion in education is one of the components of inclusion in society. 

As a teacher, you may teach, train or instruct others. All these refer to the processes meant for bringing about changes in the cognitive structure (structure of knowledge in one’s mind) and psychomotor skills in those who are being taught.

Teaching in physical education means involves preparing someone to do a task or develop a skill. It describes learning that takes many years to complete. Training involves a relatively systematic attempt to transfer knowledge and skills from one who knows to someone who does not know.

Key Points

Direct method involves the teacher passing knowledge directly to the students. Direct method is the use of straightforward, explicit teaching techniques, usually to teach a specific skill. It is a teacher-directed method, meaning that the teacher stands in front of a classroom and presents the information.

• As the teachers use such methods as lecture, demonstration, etc, and engage students in the face–to–face interaction, they are teaching them directly.
• Direct instruction is a way of teaching which is aimed at helping students acquire some basic skills and “procedural knowledge.” It is straight forward and is done in “a step-by- step manner.” 
• The teacher uses chalkborad method to impart the teaching to the students. 
• In this method, the students are the passive leaner, the involvement of the learner is very less.

So, the teacher stands in front of the students and uses a chalkboard to show a diagram while lecturing is known as a direct method.

Important Points

Constructive method of teaching

• The teacher divides the students up into three groups and picks three captains to lead the groups while she guides and observes.
• The teacher gives the students hoops and allows them fifteen minutes to do as many movements as possible with them.
• The teacher sets up a tarp and has the students form a circle and challenges them to fold it into a rectangle.

Development refers to qualitative changes in an individual such as a change in personality or other mental and emotional aspects. It takes place in all aspects such as physical, cognitive, language, social, emotional, and others.

Key Points

Characteristics of development:

• Development of children is influenced by their social context: Socio-cultural context emphasizes the role of culture and social interaction in the process of child development. It focuses that a child’s thinking does not develop in a vacuum but rather is influenced by the sociocultural context in which s/he grows up.
• Development involves change: The human being is never static. From the moment of conception to the time of death, the person is undergoing changes. The major changes include changes in size and proportions, acquisition of new mental, motor, and behavioral skills. 
• Development is predictable: Because the rate of development is constant for a child, it is possible to predict certain development outcomes at an early age. The X-ray of the wrist will predict the approximate height of the child.

Thus, it is concluded that the development of children is influenced by their social context statement is correct with respect to the development of children.

Hint

• Development is a smooth and continuous process for all children: The process of development is continuous starting from conception through birth to lifelong, i.e., from womb to tomb but it is not smooth as it has to pass through different stages.
• ​Domains of development are distinct and unrelated from one another:- It is not a correct statement with respect to the development of children. There are different domains of development. All domains of development, i.e. physical, mental, social, and emotional, are related to each other. E.g. a child, who is physically healthy is likely to have superior sociability and emotional stability. The child develops as a unified whole. Each area of development is dependent on the other and thus influences the other developments.
• Different theories of child development agree on the same ideas regarding the development of children: It is also not a correct statement as the development theories like socio-cultural theory, cognitive theory, Psychosexual stage theory are different and idea regarding child development is also different.

Psychomotor activity is defined as motor/physical activity that is secondary to or dependent on a psychic component and is mostly non-goal-directed.

• It refers to the function of muscles and the origination of movements in the body under the conscious control of mental activity. It is demonstrated by motor skills such as movement, coordination, manipulation, dexterity, grace, strength, and speed.
• Examples:-  Driving a car and eye-hand coordination tasks such as sewing, throwing a ball, typing, operating a lathe, and playing the trombone.

Key Points

• As children grow from infancy into middle childhood, they gain better control over their large or gross muscles, which enables them to control gross movements, involving large areas of the body, e.g. playing, walking, running, jumping, etc.
• Later, the child gains control over her smaller muscles, which enables her to obtain skills such as throwing and catching balls, writing, sewing, etc.
• A child will therefore walk before she can run, throw the ball before she is able to catch it and scribble before she is able to write.

Thus, it is concluded that thinking is not a psycho-motor activity of a child.

Additional Information

• Thinking is the mental process of manipulating information to draw a conclusion or to generate ideas.
• It is a higher cognitive function that allows beings to produce thought and works as a base for all cognitive activities or processes.

Motor development refers to physical development and motor skill is simply an action that involves using muscles.

Key Points

• Gross motor skills are larger movements that a child makes with his/her arms, legs, feet, or entire body. So crawling, running, and jumping is gross motor skills. By 6 to 12 months of age, infants may be able to crawl, stand or walk.
• Fine motor skills are smaller actions. When a baby/child picks things up between his finger and thumb or wriggles his toes in the sand, he’s using his fine motor skills. But it’s not just about fingers and toes. When the baby/child uses his lips and tongue to taste and feel objects he’s using fine motor skills, too. Fingers and toe muscles are the last to develop in physical/motor development.

Hence, it is clear that the harmony between gross motor and fine motor skills is physical development.

Additional Information

• Cephalocaudal sequence refers to head to toe sequence: According to this principle, the child first gains control of the head first, then the arms, then the legs.
• Proximodistal sequence means that development proceeds from the centre of the body towards the outer part of the body.