Political Science Mock Test - 3

The correct answer is Option 1, i.e Containment of Communism.

• The main objective of the Truman Doctrine was the containment of Communism which was proposed by the then US President Harry S. Truman in the era of Cold war.
• Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. 
• In 1947, President Harry S. Truman pledged that the United States would help any nation resist communism in order to prevent its spread and provided $13 billion of aid to Europe in the Marshall Plan.
• In the light of the Truman Policy, the US along with its allies helped South Korea in the war against North Korea where North Korea was backed upon by USSR and PRC.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• Throughout the 1980s, the Soviet Union fought an increasingly frustrating war in Afghanistan. At the same time, the Soviet economy faced the continuously escalating costs of the arms race.
• Dissent at home grew while the stagnant economy faltered under the combined burden. Attempted reforms at home left the Soviet Union unwilling to rebuff challenges to its control in Eastern Europe.
• During 1989 and 1990, the Berlin Wall came down, borders opened, and free elections ousted Communist regimes everywhere in eastern Europe.
• In late 1991 the Soviet Union itself dissolved into its component republics. With stunning speed, the Iron Curtain was lifted and the Cold War came to an end.

Third World Countries:

• The emergence of the US and the USSR as two superpowers rival to each other led to the Cold War.
• The Cold War divided the world into two rival alliances.
• It was in this context that NAM offered the newly decolonised countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America a third option—not to join either alliance.

Key Points

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

• The roots of NAM went back to the friendship between three leaders who held a meeting in 1956.
  • Yugoslavia’s Josip Broz Tito,
  • India’s Jawaharlal Nehru, and
  • Egypt’s leader Gamal Abdel Nasser.
• Indonesia’s Sukarno and Ghana’s Kwame Nkrumah strongly supported them.
• These five leaders came to be known as the five founders of NAM.
• The first non-aligned summit was held in Belgrade in 1961.
• This was the culmination of at least three factors:
  • cooperation among these five countries,
  • growing Cold War tensions and their widening arenas, and
  • the dramatic entry of many newly decolonised African countries into the international arena.
• By 1960, there were 16 new African members in the UN.
• The first summit was attended by 25 member states.
• Over the years, the membership of NAM has expanded.
• The latest meeting, the 18th summit, was held in Azerbaijan in 2019.
• It included 120 member states and 17 observer countries.

​Thus, NAM group of countries are termed as "Third World” countries.

Additional Information

Panchasheela Treaty:

• It is also known as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.
• It stands for Non-interference in others internal affairs and respect for each other's territorial unity integrity and sovereignty.
• Their first formal codification in treaty form was in an agreement between China and India in 1954 which was signed at Peking on 28 April 1954.
• The Panchsheel was subsequently adopted in a number of resolutions and statements across the world including the preamble to the Constitution of China.
• It includes 5 principles, which are:
  • mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty,
  • mutual non-aggression,
  • mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs,
  • equality and mutual benefit, and
  • peaceful co-existing.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):

• NATO is also called the North Atlantic Alliance.
• It is an intergovernmental military alliance between 28 European countries and 2 North American countries.
• The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949.
• NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
• NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium.
• Since its founding, the admission of new member states has increased the alliance from the original 12 countries to 30.
• The most recent member state to be added to NATO was North Macedonia on 27 March 2020.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO):

• SEATO was an international organization for collective defence in Southeast Asia.
• It was created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or Manila Pact, signed in September 1954.
• It was primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia.
• SEATO is generally considered a failure because internal conflict and dispute hindered the general use of the SEATO military.
• However, SEATO-funded cultural and educational programs left longstanding effects in Southeast Asia.
• SEATO was dissolved on 30 June 1977 after many members lost interest and withdrew.

The correct answer is Netherlands.

Key Points

• The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is headquartered in the Netherlands.
• It is an intergovernmental organisation and implementing body for the Chemical Weapons Convention which entered into force on 29 April 1997.
• The OPCW, with its 193 Member States, is based in Hague, Netherlands, and oversees global efforts to ensure the permanent and verifiable elimination of chemical weapons.
• The organisation advocates and verifies adherence to the Chemical Weapons Convention, which forbids the use and destruction of chemical weapons. Verification consists both of the reviews of the Member States' statements and on-site inspections.
• The organisation was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for its systematic efforts to eliminate chemical weapons" in 2013.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The Gulf War, codenamed Operation Desert Shield for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm in its combat phase, was a war in the Persian Gulf region waged by United States-led coalition.

the correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The surgical strike was  carried out to avenge Pakistan's attack on Uri that killed 19 Indian Army Soldiers  2016.
• It was given the name surgical strike.It was sanctioned by the Indian Government and no international organisation was a part of it.

• India’s neighboring country Bhutan has a constitutional monarchy government.
• A constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e Operation Cactus

• Operation cactus took place in 1988.
• It was against the Maldivian group led by Abdullah Luthufi who wanted to overthrow the government in the Maldives.
• The group was aided by armed mercenaries of the People’s Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE), a Sri Lankan Tamil secessionist organization.

Name of the operation	Description
Operation Vijay-1961	The Liberation of Goa from Portuguese
Operation Meghdoot-1984	To capture the Siachen Glacier in Jammu and Kashmir from Pakistan
Operation Poomalai-1987	To Support Tamil Tigers during the Sri Lankan Civil War
Operation Cactus-1988	Against the Maldives coup who want to overthrow the government in the island of Maldives.

The correct answer is Bangkok declaration.

Key Points

• The Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand.
• With the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
• The ASEAN is an economic union comprising 10 member states in Southeast Asia, which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilities economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in Asia.
• The ten countries of ASEAN are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
• Brunei Darussalam then joined on 7 January 1984, Viet Nam on 28 July 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia on 30 April 1999, making up what is today the ten Member States of ASEAN.
• The Secretary-General of ASEAN - Lim Jock Hoi.
• ASEAN headquarter - Jakarta, Indonesia.

Additional Information

Paris Declaration

• The Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law of 16 April 1856 was a diplomatic policy agreed to by 55 nations.
• Paris Declaration is written by France and Great Britain, its primary goal was to abolish privateering, whereby a belligerent party gave formal permission for armed privately owned ships to seize enemy vessels.
   

Argentine declaration

• The Independence of Argentina was declared on July 9, 1816, by the Congress of Tucumán.
• The congressmen who were assembled in Tucumán declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America, which is one of the official names of the Argentine Republic.

Texas declaration

• The Declaration of November 7, 1835, passed by the Consultation announced that the Texan war against Mexico principally intended to restore the Mexican Constitution of 1824, abrogated by the actions of President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, and to achieve separate Mexican statehood for Texas.
• The members of the Consultation had hoped to attract popular support for the Texan cause from the other Mexican states.
• The Texas Declaration of Independence was the formal declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in the Texas Revolution.
• It was adopted at the Convention of 1836 at Washington-on-the-Brazos on March 2, 1836, and was formally signed the next day after mistakes were noted in the text. 

The correct answer is North Korea.

In News:

• Pyongyang announced that it was cutting off all communication with Seoul, calling South Korea the “enemy” and warning that this was the first of several similar actions.
• According to experts, these moves may have been a result of North Korea’s frustrations at South Korea’s inability to revive, under US pressure, inter-Korean economic projects that had been beneficial to Pyongyang.

Important Points

Korea:

• It is a region in East Asia.
• Since 1945 it has been divided into what are now two distinct sovereign states: North Korea and South Korea.
• Korea consists of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and several minor islands near the peninsula.
• It is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast.
• Pyongyang is the capital and largest city of North Korea. So, option 3 is correct.

​

 

The correct answer is Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Key Points

• OIC was established on the 25^th of September 1969 when an Islamic Conference took place with 24 members.
• The catalyst that led to this conference was a fire on the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem
  • ​The OIC was officially founded in 1972.
  • It is headquartered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  • It has 57 members spread over 4 continents.
  • Its official languages are Arabic, English, and French.
  • The membership spans roughly 1.81 million people.
  • The organization was set up to safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslims in the world and also to promote international peace and harmony among various people of the world.

Additional Information

Organization	Headquarters
Organization of Islamic Cooperation	Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
United Nations University (UNU)	Tokyo, Japan
World Food Programme (WFP) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)	Rome, Italy
International Renewable Energy Agency	Abu Dhabi, U.A.E

The correct answer is Trygve Lie.

Key Points

• Trygve Halvdan Lie was elected the first Secretary-General of the United Nations on February 1, 1946.
• On February 2, 1946, the General Assembly formally inaugurated him at its 22nd meeting. Mr. Lie was re-elected by the General Assembly on November 1, 1950, for a third term beginning February 1, 1951.
• In November 1952, he resigned as Secretary-General of the United Nations.
• The United Nations Secretary-General (UNSG or SG) is the UN's highest administrative officer and heads the UN Secretariat, one of the UN's six main institutions.
• Chapter XV (Articles 97 to 101) of the United Nations Charter defines the secretary and general's secretariat's roles. 

Important Points

• Carl Hammarskjöld was a Swedish economist and diplomat who served as the UN's second Secretary-General from April 1953 until September 1961, when he died in a plane crash.
• U Thant was a Burmese diplomat who served as the UN's third Secretary-General from 1961 to 1971, the first non-Scandinavian to do so.
• Kofi Atta Annan was a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the United Nations' seventh Secretary-General from 1997 to 2006. 

The correct answer is Renminbi.

Key Points

• The SDR is an international reserve asset, created by the IMF in 1969.
  • SDRs are artificial currency created to augment international liquidity.
  • It is neither a currency nor a claim on IMF rather it supplements the existing reserves of member countries of IMF.
  • A currency included as SDR must be freely usable, widely used and widely traded.
  • The U.S. dollar, the euro, British pound and the Japanese yen form the SDR basket.
• Chinese renminbi (RMB) was included in the SDR basket as the fifth currency in the year 2016.
  •  The decision was taken during the IMF’s five-yearly review of the basket of currencies.
• At present, SDR is based on a basket of five currencies—the U.S. dollar, the euro, the Chinese renminbi, the Japanese yen, and the British pound sterling.

The correct answer is United Nations Development Programme.

Key Points

• About UNDP (as of June 2021)
  • UNDP works in about 170 countries and territories.
  • It helps to achieve the goal to eradicate poverty and the reduction of inequalities and exclusion.
  • Headquarter: New York City
  • Current Admin: Achim Steiner
  • Established in: 1965

• The UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) in March 2021 has launched the 'Sahi Disha' campaign to celebrate women's livelihoods and entrepreneurship in rural India.
• Human Development Report and Index is released by UNDP.

The correct answer is the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.

Key Points

• NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
  • Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium.
  • This organization is an alliance of 30 independent member countries. 
  • It was established at the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949.

Additional Information

• The fundamental goal of this organization is to safeguard the Allies’ freedom and security by political and military means.
• It enables members to consult and cooperate on defense and security-related issues to solve problems, build trust and, in the long run, prevent conflict.
• Article 5 states that an attack against one Ally is an attack against all. This article was invoked when Bin Laden attacked the World Trade Centre in September 2001.
• Chairman of the NATO Military Committee: Air Chief Marshal Stuart Peach, Royal Air Force.
• Secretary-General: Jens Stoltenberg.

 

Ebola, is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches.

• Operation Neptune Spear, 2011, was a precision strike operation executed by the United States Navy Seals in which the long sought after Osama Bin Laden was eliminated under cover of darkness in Abbottabad, Pakistan.
• Osama bin Laden, the founder and first leader of the Islamist terrorist group, Al-Qaeda, was killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011.
• The operation, code-named Operation Neptune Spear, was carried out in a CIA-led operation with Joint Special Operations Command, commonly known as JSOC.
• The raid was intended to take 40 minutes.
• The time between the team's entry in and exit from the compound was 38 minutes

The correct answer is above the Antarctic ocean.

Key Points

• The Antarctic “ozone hole” was discovered by British Antarctic Survey scientists Farman, Gardiner and Shanklin in 1985.
• By 1984, the stratospheric ozone layer over Halley in October was only about two-thirds as thick as that seen in earlier decades — a phenomenon that became known as the Antarctic ozone hole.
•  It was caused by the chemical reactions on polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in the cold Antarctic stratosphere caused a massive.

• The Antarctic ozone hole — one of the deepest, largest gaps in the ozone layer in the last 40 years — has closed, according to World Meteorological Organization (WMO) January 6, 2021.

Important Points

• Ozone Layer: 
  • Ozone (O3) is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen. Ozone is a deadly poison.
  • Ozone is found in the stratosphere layer of the atmosphere.
  • However, at the higher levels of the atmosphere, ozone performs an essential function. It shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun.
  • This radiation is highly damaging to organisms, for example, it is known to cause skin cancer in human beings or can split the DNA.
  • It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell.
  • Ozone is an excellent oxidizing agent as it breaks down into oxygen gas and nascent oxygen. { O3 → O2 + [O] }
  • It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope O2, breaking down in the lower atmosphere to O2 or di-oxygen
• Its depletion:
  • The amount of ozone in the atmosphere began to drop sharply in the 1980s.
  • This decrease has been linked to synthetic chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are used as refrigerants and in fire extinguishers.
  • The government bans those products which contain CFCs.
  • Ozone is thermodynamically unstable and decomposes to molecular oxygen. Thus, a dynamic equilibrium exists between the production and decomposition of ozone molecules

The correct answer is IUCN.

• IUCN stands for International Union for Conservation of Nature
  • International Union for Conservation of Nature is the agency responsible for publishing information about endangered species worldwide.
  • Extinct, critically endangered, and vulnerable are the categories assigned to the species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
  • ​International Union for Conservation of Nature is founded on 5^th October 1948.
  • The headquarter is in Gland, Switzerland.
  • It is focusing on nature conservation.
  • Julian Huxley is the founder of the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
  • IUCN has a crucial role in establishing the World Wide Fund for Nature 
  • Dr. Bruno Oberle is the current director-general of IUCN.
• UNO stands for United Nations Organization.
  • UNO is an intergovernmental association established to maintain worldwide peace and security.
  • UNO was established in 1945.
  • Headquarters is in New York City.
• FAO stands for the Food and Agriculture Organization.
  • FAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security worldwide.
  • FAO was established on 16^th October 1945.
  • The headquarters is in Rome, Italy.
• UNEP stands for United Nations Environment Programme.
  • UNEP is responsible for coordinating the United Nations environmental activities.
  • UNEP was established on 5^th June 1972.
  • The headquarters is in Nairobi, Kenya.

The Correct Answer is Club of Rome.

• Club of Rome was founded in Rome in early 1968 by a group of European businesspeople and scientists.
• It is a nonprofit nongovernmental organization (NGO) that serves as an international think tank on global issues.

 Key Points

• The 'Limit to Growth' model was based on the work of Jay Forrester of MIT, as described in his book World Dynamics.
• The model was based on five variables: "population, food production, industrialization, pollution, and consumption of nonrenewable natural resources"
• The Limits to Growth (LTG) is a 1972 report on the exponential economic and population growth with a finite supply of resources, studied by computer simulation.
• It was commissioned by the Club of Rome.
• The findings of the study were first presented at international gatherings in Moscow and Rio de Janeiro in the summer of 1971.

 Additional Information

• Brundtland Commission
  • The aim of the Brundtland Commission was to help direct the nations of the world towards the goal of sustainable development.
  • The Brundtland Commission was created by the United Nations in 1983 to reflect about ways to save the human environment and natural resources and prevent deterioration of economic and social development.
• UNESCO
  • UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
  • It seeks to build peace through international cooperation in Education, the Sciences and Culture. 
• Agenda 21
  • Agenda 21 is a non-binding action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development.
  • It is a product of the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992.

The corrcet answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• In 1991, the Indian government broke with industrial policy, which had failed. In a surprising 180-degree twist, the new policies encouraged business activity, stimulated growth in the private sector, and revived international trade.
• LPG reforms of 1991 is a strategic shift in Indian economy which changed the very Nature of Indian reality today.  This topic forms the foundation for Indian Economy today. Having a fair idea about the change it brought in Indian economy and international events which lead to it is important for the Mains across disciplines. 

The correct answer is Centralization.

Key Points

• Indian economy experienced an economic crisis in 1991.
• The foreign currency assets declined to such an extent that it was barely enough to finance two weeks of imports.
• The annual rate of inflation reached 16.7% in August 1991.
• The government expenditure was greater than its revenue due to defence expenditure, subsidies, interest on loans, etc.
  • The positive effects of the socialistic pattern of society were on the verge of decline.
  • On this ground, it was necessary to bring new changes to the economy. Hence, the Government of India adopted a New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1991.
  • It is also known as LPG i.e.
    1. Liberalization
    2. Privatization
    3. Globalization.
• The process of new economic policy which started in 1985 got momentum in 1991.

Additional Information

• Liberalization:
  • Liberalization refers to 'economic freedom' or 'freedom for economic decision'.
  • It means producers, consumers, and owners of factors of production, are free to take the decision to promote their self-interest.
  • Indian government accepted policies suggested by the IMF for economic liberalization.
    • Macroeconomic Stabilisation :
      • Inflation control
      • Balance of Payment adjustment
      • Currency devaluation
    • Structural Adjustment Programs :
      • Trade and capital inflow reforms
      • Industrial reforms
      • Tax reforms
      • Fiscal reforms
      • Monetary and financial reforms
      • Privatization
• Privatization: 
  • Privatization means the transfer of ownership from the public to the private sector.
  • It refers to a process that reduces the involvement of the public sector and increases that of the private sector in economic activities.
  • Measures :
    • Disinvestment
    • Dereservation policy
    • Establishment of BIFR (Board of Industrial and Financial Reconstruction)
    • Creation of National Renewal Board (NRB)
    • Navratna Status
• Globalization:
  • Globalization means integrating the economy of a country with the world economy.
  • Measures : 
    • Removal of quantitative restrictions
    • Encouragement to Foreign Capital
    • Convertibility of Rupee
    • Foreign collaboration
    • Long term trade Policy
    • Encouragement to Exports

Barriers of trade:

• The trade barriers are imposed by the government by placing rules and regulations, tariffs, import quotas, and embargos.
• The four different types of trade barriers are Tariffs, Non-Tariffs, Import Quotas, and Voluntary Export Restraints.
• Tax on imports is an example of a trade barrier.
• It is called a barrier because some restriction has been set up.
• Governments can use trade barriers to increase or decrease (regulate) foreign trade and to decide what kinds of goods and how much of each, should come into the country.

Important Points

Topic	Description
Globalization	Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.
Telecommunication networks	The developments in information and communication technology bring huge progress in international trade.
Movement of goods	The distribution of freight (including raw materials, parts, and finished consumer products) by all modes of transportation

Hence, only tax is a barrier to free trade.

• Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru died on 27 May 1964.
• Pandit Nehru was a prominent figure in the Indian politics as he was a freedom fighter before independence, and the first Prime Minister of India after independence.
• His birthday (14 November) is celebrated as National Children’s Day as he loved children very much.

My Experiment with Truth was written by Mahatma Gandhi which is based on his personal experiences. All other books were written by by Jawaharlal Nehru.

The Correct Answer is Lord Mountbatten.

• Before the Partition Council, a Partition Committee was created chaired by Lord Mountbatten and its members were Vallabh Bhai Patel, Dr Rajendra Prasad, Liaqat Ali Khan and Abdur Rab Nishtar.
• This committee was later replaced by a Partition Council. The congress was represented in this council by Sardar Patel and Dr Rajendra Prasad, along with C. As an alternate member, Rajgopalachari.
• The Muslim League was portrayed by Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Liaqat Ali Khan and Abdur Rab Nishtar as alternate members.
• After 15 August 1947, the partition council was in existence, but the composition changed as two members from each domain. At that time, Patel and Dr Prasad were still serving Indian Domain.

Key Points

• The new Dominion of Pakistan came into being on 14 August 1947, with Muhammad Ali Jinnah sworn in as its first Governor-General in Karachi.
• The following day, 15 August 1947, India, now the Dominion of India, became an independent country, with official ceremonies taking place in New Delhi, Jawaharlal Nehru taking office as Prime Minister, and Viceroy Mountbatten remaining as the country's first Governor-General. Gandhi stayed in Bengal to deal with the new refugees from the partitioned subcontinent. 

The correct answer is option 1, i.e. Operation Polo.

• The code name of the Police Action to annex Hydrabad into Indian Union was Operation Polo.
• In this operation, Armed forces invaded Hydrabad which was ruled by Nizam.
• It was done under the guidance of then Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
• It was ordered to stop atrocities by Nizam's Army on innocent civilians.

S NO	Name of Operations	Year	Purpose
1	Operation Polo	1948	Annex Hyderabad
2	Operation Vijay	1999	Kargil War
3	Operation Blue Star	1984	Golden Temple
4	Operation Rajiv	1987	Capture Siachen Area
5	Operation Sankat Mochan	2016	Evacuate Indians from South Sudan

The correct answer is option 1 i.e Liberation of Goa from Portuguese

Name of the operation	Description
Operation Vijay-1961	The liberation of Goa from Portuguese
Operation Meghdoot-1984	To capture the Siachen Glacier in Jammu and Kashmir from Pakistan

Indian Airforce:

• It was established in October 1932.
• It is one of the parts of Indian Armed forces, Others are Indian Army and Indian Navy.
• The President of India is the Supreme Commander of IAF.
• The Indian Airforce is the Fourth largest Airforce in the world in terms of both personnel and aircraft.
• Arjan Singh was the first five-star rank holding officer in IAF.
• Subroto Mukherjee was the first Chief of the Air Staff of the Indian Airforce.
• Subroto Mukherjee is also known ais Father of Indian Air Force.

Air Force Motto: Nabhah Sprsham Diptam means Glory that touches the sky.
Air Force Day: 8th October.
 

The Correct Answer is Mahatma Gandhi.

Key Points

• Gandhi was suspicious of the state and of centralized planning.
• Decentralization was at the core of his thinking about economic development.
• Gandhi disapproved of a paternalistic state.
• He felt that villagers become passive recipients of state care.
• Planning itself made the model of development too centralized.

Additional Information

• Congress in Haripura session under chairmanship of S.C. Bose passed resolution to set up a National Planning Committee.
• NPC was formed in 1938 and it's first president was Pt. J.L. Nehru.
• Planning in independent India started from setting up of Planning commission and launch of first Five Year Plan (1951-1956).

The correct answer is Visvesvaraya plan.

• The planned economy took shape in the 1930s by Indian leaders who were influenced by Socialist philosophies.
• The Five Year Plans of the Soviet Union also impressed the Indian leaders.
• Sir M.  Visvesvaraya, who wrote the “Planned Economy in India” in 1934 presented a constructive draft of the development of India in the next ten years.
• His core idea was to put out a concept to shift labor from agriculture to industries and double up value in ten years.
• This was the first concrete scholarly work toward planning.
• It also formed the economic perspective of India’s freedom movement which was formulated at the 1931 Karachi and 1936 Faizpur sessions of India National Congress.
• In 1934, the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry(FICCI) proposed for the establishment of a ‘National Planning Commission’ to make a comprehensive plan for the economy and economic development.
• N.R. Sarkar, President of FICCI was the brainchild behind this proposal.
• In 1944, eight Indian industrialists proposed a plan calling for state intervention in the economic development of the nation after independence. This is called the Bombay Plan.
• The eight industrialists were J. R. D. Tata, Ghanshyam Das Birla, Ardeshir Dalal, Lala Shri Ram, Kasturbhai Lalbhai, Ardeshir Darabshaw Shroff, Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas and John Mathai. 
• The Plan went through two editions: the first was published in 1944; and the other in 1945.
• The Plan was criticized from all quarters: the left criticized the capitalistic background of the Plan's authors or asserted that the plan didn't go far enough. The far-right foresaw it as a harbinger of a socialist society, and regarded it as a violation of the agreements of the UN "Bretton Woods Conference".
• In 1938, Subhash Chandra Bose, who was the then President of the Congress party set up a National Planning Committee to examine how India could industrialize rapidly once it got independence.
• The program was to tackle the matter of population growth and poverty which, in turn, would necessitate the reform of the land system and the abolition of feudal relations, liquidation of rural indebted-ness, provision of cheaper credit, the extension of the cooperative movement and modernization of agriculture.

The correct answer is 1951.

• The planned economic development in India began in 1951 with the inception of the First Five Year Plan, theoretical efforts had begun much earlier, even before the independence.
• It focused primarily on the development of the primary sector, specifically agriculture and irrigation.

Important Points

• First Five-Year Plan was launched from 1951 to 1956, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru.
  • It was based on the Harrod-Domar model with a few modifications.
  • This plan was successful and achieved a growth rate of 3.6% (more than its target of 2.1%).
• The duration of the "Eleventh Five Year Plan" was from 2007 to 2012, under the leadership of Manmohan Singh.
  • It was prepared by the C. Rangarajan.
  • The theme was towards faster and more inclusive development.
  • It achieved a growth rate of 8% against a target of 9% growth.

Key Points

• India had a total of 12 Five-Year Plans, the last one being from 2012-2017.
• In 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi dissolved the Planning Commission and replaced it with the NITI Aayog
• The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) facts:
  • Formed: 1 January 2015
  • Chairman - Narendra Modi
  • Vice-Chairman - Dr. Suman Bery
  • CEO - Parameswaran Iyer

The correct answer is Tibet.

Key Points

• Dalai Lama was born in the Wood-Pig Year, 5th month, 5th day of the Tibetan Calendar, on 6 July 1935.
• He is known as Gyalwa Rinpoche to the Tibetan people, he is the current Dalai Lama, the highest spiritual leader of Tibet, and the retired political leader of Tibet.

Additional Information

• The spiritual name of the present Dalai Lama is Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso.
• He is also known as Tenzin Gyatso.
• He is the14th Dalai Lama.
• The 14th Dalai Lama was born in Taktser (Hongya in Chinese), in the east of Qinghai province (Amdo in Tibetan). 

The correct answer is India and Bangladesh.

 Key Points

• The Tin (or Teen) Bigha Corridor is a strip of land belonging to India on the West Bengal–Bangladesh border.
• In September 2011 it was leased to Bangladesh so the country could access its Dahagram–Angarpota enclave from the mainland.

 Additional Information

• India faces territorial issues with some of its neighbours –China, Pakistan and Nepal.
• The Depsang Plains are located on the border of the Indian union territory of Ladakh and the disputed zone of Aksai Chin.
• The Chinese Army occupied most of the plains during its 1962 war with India,while India controls the western portion of the plains.
• The long-standing India-Pakistan Sir Creek border dispute stems from the demarcation "from the mouth of Sir Creek to the top of Sir Creek, and from the top of Sir Creek eastward to a point on the line designated on the Western Terminus.
• Major areas of dispute between India and Nepal are Kalapani, Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh, Susta, Mechi, and Tanakpur.

The correct answer is India and China.

Key Points

• McMahon line is between India and China.
  • Sir Henry McMahon negotiated the boundary agreement at Shimla Accord in the year 1913-14.
• India shares 2nd longest border with China.
• On the northern front, China claims Aksai Chin in Ladakh UT.
• Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, and Sikkim shares a border with China.

Additional Information

• Other international borders of India
  • ​Afghanistan - Jammu, and Kashmir
  • Bangladesh - West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam
  • Bhutan - Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Sikkim, West Bengal
  • Myanmar - Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland
  • Nepal - Sikkim, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand
  • Pakistan - Jammu, Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan
• Disputed territories of India
  • China
    • Aksai Chin
    • McMahon Line
  • Pakistan
    • J&K
    • Siachen Glacier
    • Saltoro Ridge
    • Sir Creek
  • Nepal
    • Kalapani
    • Susta

The correct answer is cartoons.

• Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Laxman was an Indian cartoonist, illustrator, and humorist. He was born in Mysore on October 24, 1921.
• He is best known for his creation "The Common Man" and for his daily cartoon strip, You Said It in The Times of India, which started in 1951.
• Laxman’s “The Common Man” was witty and sarcastic but never venomous, and his outlook was said to represent that of countless average Indians.
• He worked at The Free Press Journal in Mumbai (Bombay) with Bal Thackeray, who was a cartoonist before founding the Shiv Sena political party.
• He also wrote the novels The Hotel Riviera (1988) and The Messenger (1993) and an autobiography, The Tunnel of Time (1998).
• In 2005 he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India’s second highest civilian honour.
• He died in 2015.

Women and girls now have the right to study and go to school.

• There are other spheres – like legal reform, violence, and health – where the situation of women and girls has improved.
• These changes have not happened automatically.
• Women individually, and collectively have struggled to bring about these changes.
• This struggle is known as the Women’s Movement.

Important Points

Different strategies have been used to spread awareness, fight discrimination and seek justice. Here are some glimpses of this struggle.

• An important part of the women’s movements’ work is to raise public awareness on women’s rights issues. Their message has been spread through street plays, songs and public meetings.
• The women’s movement raises its voice when violations against women take place or for example when a law or policy acts against their interests. Public rallies and demonstrations are a very powerful way of drawing attention to injustices.
• The women’s movement is also about showing solidarity with other women and causes. 
  • Solidarity is an awareness of shared interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies creating a psychological sense of unity of groups or classes.
  • It refers to the ties in a society that bind people together as one.

From the above, we can conclude that for the women's movements Raising awareness, Protesting, and Showing solidarity are important.

Confusion PointsViolation: When someone forcefully breaks the law or a rule or openly shows disrespect, we can say that he or she has committed a violation. Hence, it is not a part of the women's movement.

The correct answer is Great Britain.

• Great Britain:
  • From Britain's first public suffrage petition (1866) to the passing of the Representation of the People Act of 1918.
  • Women's suffrage in Great Britain was first advocated by Mary Wollstonecraft in her book A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) and was demanded by the Chartist movement of the 1840s.

Key Points

• Campaigns for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland gained momentum in the early part of the 19th century, as women became increasingly politically active, especially during campaigns to reform suffrage in the United Kingdom.
  • John Stuart Mill, elected to Parliament in 1865 and an open advocate of women's suffrage (about publishing women's submissions), campaigned for an amendment to the Reform Act 1832 to include women's suffrage.

The correct answer is Gulzarilal Nanda.

Key Points

• Following the death of Pt. Nehru, Gulzarilal Nanda was sworn in as Prime Minister of India on May 27, 1964.
• Again on January 11, 1966, he was sworn in as Prime Minister following the death of Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri at Tashkent.

Mistake Points

• Gulzarilal Nanda succeeded Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru as PM of India on May 27, 1964 and remain in office for a very short period till June 9, 1964.
• His second tenure after the death of Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri was also short from January 11, 1966 - January 24, 1966.

Additional Information

• Lal Bahadur Shastri held the Prime Minister's office from 9 June 1964 to 11 January 1966.
• He gave the famous slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kishan" during the Indo-Pak war 1965.
• He was awarded Bharat Ratna (posthumously) in 1966.
• Lal Bahadur Shastri was born on October 2, 1904, at Mughalsarai, a small railway town seven miles from Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh.
• He supported and promoted the White Revolution and Green Revolution.
• He was the key person in setting up the Food Corporation of India.
• He led India in the India-Pakistan War in 1965.
• He died in Tashkent, Uzbekistan (then the Soviet Union) on 11 January 1966, one day after signing a peace treaty (Tashkent Agreement) to end the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War.

The correct answer is Both (1) and (3).

Emergency Article	Detail
National Emergency (Article 352)	It can be proclaimed only when the security of India or a part of it is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion
Constitutional Emergency (Article 356)	It can be proclaimed when the government of a state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution due to reasons which may not have any connection with war, external aggression, or armed rebellion
Financial Emergency (Article 360)	The president can proclaim a financial emergency if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen due to which the financial stability or credit of India or any part of its territory is threatened

The correct answer is Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

Key Points

• Atal Bihari Vajpayee was a freedom fighter, politician, and a good orator known for his wittiness. 
• He was one of the founding members of Bhartiya Janta Party.
• He served as Prime minister of India for three terms as first for a term of 13 days in 1996, then for a period of 13 months from 1998 to 1999, followed by a full term from 1999 to 2004.

Important Points

• Good Governance Day was established in 2014 to honor Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee by fostering awareness among the Indian people of accountability in government.  

Additional Information

• B. R. Ambedkar was a freedom fighter, politician, popularly known as Babasaheb Ambedkar.
  • He is called as "Father of Indian Constitution''.
  • He was the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the constituent assembly of India.
  • He was the founder of Bahiskrit Hitkarni Sabha (A depressed class welfare institute) in Bombay in 1924.
• Jai Prakash Narayan popularly known as J.P. or Loknayak was an Indian freedom fighter, activist, and political leader.
  • Although known for his Gandhian ideology, he was the founder of Azaad Dsata (freedom brigade) in Nepal.
  • He is well known for his mid-1970 peaceful "Total revolution" against the government of India for the cause of high inflation, unemployment, and lack of supplies and essential commodities. This movement finally culminated in the proclamation of Emergency.
• Jyoti Basu was an Indian politician and co-founder of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
  • He served as the chief minister of West Bengal from 1977 to 2000.

The correct answer is Janta Dal (secular).

Key Points

• The Janata Dal (Secular) is an Indian political party led by the former Prime Minister of India, H. D. Deve Gowda. It has a political presence mainly in Karnataka. Apart from Karnataka, the party is recognized as a State Party in the states of Kerala and Arunachal Pradesh. It was formed in July 1999 by the split of the Janata Dal party. 
• The All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is a regional party founded by the former chief minister of Tamil Nadu - M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.) at Madurai in 1972 as a breakaway faction from the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. It has great influence in the state of Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Puducherry. 
• Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) is a regional party based in the Indian state of Kerala. It is recognized as a State Party in Kerala by the Election Commission of India. 
• The Yuvajana Shramika Rythu Congress Party (YSR Congress Party) is an Indian regional political party based in the state of Andhra Pradesh. It was founded by Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy.

Hence, The Janata Dal (Secular) is a regional party of Karnataka. 

The correct answer is Janata Party.

Key Points

• Janata Party:
  • The Janata Party was a political party that was founded as an amalgam of Indian political parties opposed to the Emergency that was imposed between 1975 to 1977 by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of the Indian National Congress.
  • In the 1977 general election, the party defeated the Congress and Janata leader Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister in independent modern India's history.
  • Nitish Kumar started his political career with Janata Party.
  • The rationale of the formation was that of preserving national security.
  • When the State of Emergency was lifted and new elections called in 1977, opposition political parties such as the Congress (O), Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Bharatiya Lok Dal as well as defectors from the Congress (R) joined to form the Janata Party, which won a sweeping majority in the Indian Parliament.

Additional Information

• Samata Party:
  • The Samta Party (SAP) is a political party in India, initially formed in 1994 by George Fernandes and Nitish Kumar.
  • Brahmanand Mandal, Kumari Nambi, A. S. Radhakrishnan, Mohiyudeen and Jayakumar Ezhuthupally from Kerala were the initial leaders of the party.
  • It was an offshoot of the Janata Dal, with the alleged casteism of the parent party being the reason given for the split.
  • The party has socialist leanings, and at one point wielded considerable political and social influence in North India, particularly in Bihar.
  • In 2003, the bulk of the party merged with the Janata Dal (United), but a small breakaway faction led by Brahmanand Mandal, and Raghunath Jha continues to function under the name of the Samta Party.
• Rashtriya Janata Dal:
  • The Rashtriya Janata Dal is an Indian political party, based in the state of Bihar.
  • The party was founded in 1997 by Lalu Prasad Yadav.
  • The mass base of the party has traditionally been backward classes and the party is considered as the champion of the cause of lower caste politics.
  • In 2008, RJD received the status of the recognized national level party following its performance in north-eastern states.
  • RJD was derecognised as a national party on 30 July 2010.
• Janata Dal-United:
  • Janata Dal (United) is a centre-left Indian political party with a political presence mainly in eastern and northeastern India.
  • JD(U) is recognised as a state party in the states of Bihar and Arunachal Pradesh and is a part of the government in Bihar.
  • JD(U) heads the government in Bihar and has remained the second-largest party in Arunachal Pradesh.
  • JD(U) won 16 seats in the 2019 Indian general election, making it the seventh-largest party in the Lok Sabha.
  • The party operates on the ideologies of socialism, secularism and integral humanism.

The Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) is an Indian national political party.

Key Points

• The NCP ideology is based on a modern and progressive orientation with a holistic democracy, Gandhian secularism and federalism-based national unity. 
• It has called for the creation of a democratic secular society based on equality and social justice.
• The NCP was founded in New Delhi in June 1999 by three former members of the Indian National Congress Sharad Pawar, Purno Sangma, and Tariq Anwar.
• They were expelled from the Congress Party for demanding that only Indians be allowed to become president, vice president, or prime minister.
• The issue emerged after Sonia Gandhi, the Italian-born widow of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, became the Congress Party's leader. 

Therefore, Sharad Pawar is the founding member of the Nationalist Congress Party. 

Additional Information

• The Samajwadi Party (SP), is an Indian regional political party located in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
• Mulayam Singh Yadav founded the party and served as its president for many years.
• The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was established in 1984 by Kanshi Ram. 
• Lalu Prasad Yadav established Rashtriya Janata Dal, New Delhi in July 1997.

Women and girls now have the right to study and go to school.

• There are other spheres – like legal reform, violence and health – where the situation of women and girls has improved.
• These changes have not happened automatically.
• Women individually, and collectively have struggled to bring about these changes.
• This struggle is known as the Women’s Movement.

Important Points

Different strategies have been used to spread awareness, fight discrimination and seek justice. Here are some glimpses of this struggle.

• An important part of the women’s movements’ work is to raise public awareness on women’s rights issues. Their message has been spread through street plays, songs and public meetings.
• The women’s movement raises its voice when violations against women take place or for example when a law or policy acts against their interests. Public rallies and demonstrations are a very powerful way of drawing attention to injustices.
• The women’s movement is also about showing solidarity with other women and causes. 
  • Solidarity is an awareness of shared interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies creating a psychological sense of unity of groups or classes.
  • It refers to the ties in a society that bind people together as one.

From the above, we can conclude that for the women's movements Raising awareness, Protesting, and Showing solidarity are important.

• All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) party is a regional political party of Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Puducherry.
• The founder of the AIADMK party is MG Ramachandran on 17 October 1972.
• From the 1989 to 5 December 2016 J. Jayalalitha led this party who serves six times a CM of Tamil Nadu, the party has won seven times in the majority.
• J. Jayalalitha was known as the Mother of AIADMK.

• NBA is a social movement consisting of adivasis, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists against a number of large dams being built across the Narmada River.
• Medha Patkar actively participated in the campaign against the Narmada Valley Project.
• Anna Hazare led the India against corruption movement whereas Sunderlal Bahuguna led the Chipko movement

 

The correct answer is Part II.

• Citizenship Act, 1955 describes the conditions for obtaining citizenship of India, such as birth, hereditary, registration, natural, and region based on inclusion.

Key Points

• This act has been amended six times.
• After the effect of the Citizen Amendment Act, any person who is a citizen of India will not lose his citizenship.
• This law does not deprive anyone having current citizenship nor any religious minorities.
• The Citizenship Amendment Bill 2019 has been passed by the Lok Sabha on 9 December 2019.
• Several provisions were added to section 2.
• By this amendment, people of religious minorities from Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and Pakistan who are Sikhs, Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, or Christians who arrived in India before the end of December 2014 are Indian citizens.
• The act is not applicable to Muslims of Muslim majority countries.
• The Indian government passed the Citizenship Act in 1955.
• The Act provided two means for foreigners to acquire Indian citizenship.
• People from "undivided India" were given a means of registration after seven years of residency in India.
• The Citizenship Act, 1955 has been amended by the Citizenship (Amendment) Acts of 1986, 1992, 2003, 2005, 2015, and 2019. 
• The 1986 amendment restricted citizenship by birth to require that at least one parent had to be an Indian citizen. 
• The 2003 amendment further restricted that aspect by requiring that a parent could not be an illegal immigrant.
• The 2003 amendment also mandated the Government of India to construct a National Register of Citizens. 

Additional Information

• Citizenship comes under Part II of the Indian Constitution.
• Article 5 to Article 11 defines the provision of Citizenship.
• Citizenship is taken from British Constitution.
• Article 11 defines how to acquire and lose citizenship.

The Russian Revolution is dated to November 1917 (October 1917 on the Russian calendar), when Bolshevik Party forces took over the government offices in Petrograd. However, the problems that led to the revolution had been developing for generations. ​

Important Points

In November 1917, the Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin led a revolution, inspired by Karl Marx’s theory of class struggle.

• They want to implement a new economic system.
• The main idea of Marx’s theory in the Communist Manifesto was the abolition of private property.
• Therefore, Russia’s Communist Party began to replace private property with collective ownership and replacing markets and the price system with planning.
• The Bolsheviks set out to cure Russia of all its injustices that arouse from social class differences.
• They succeeded in some ways. 
• The revolution marked the end of a dynasty that had lasted 300 years and concluded with the seizure of power by a small revolutionary group.
• The Tsar was replaced with a Council of People’s Commissars and private ownership was abolished.

Thus, we can conclude that the Inspiration for the Bolshevik Revolution is Marxism.

Additional Information

Causes of the Bolshevik revolution:

• Widespread suffering under autocracy—a form of government in which one person, in this case, the czar, has absolute power
• The weak leadership of Czar Nicholas II—clung to autocracy despite changing times
• Poor working conditions, low wages, and hazards of industrialization
• New revolutionary movements that believed a worker-run government should replace czarist rule
• Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1905), which led to rising unrest
• Bloody Sunday, the massacre of unarmed protestors outside the palace, in 1905
• The devastation of World War I—high casualties, economic ruin, widespread hunger
• The March Revolution in 1917, in which soldiers who were brought in for crowd control ultimately joined labour activists in calling “Down with the autocracy!” 

The correct answer is Nagpur session.

• The Nagpur session was held in 1920 under the chairmanship of  C.Vijayraghavachariar
  • Reconstitution of the working committee of congress on a linguistic basis.
  • Mohammad Ali Jinnah left the Indian National Congress.
  • The resolution of Non-cooperation was moved by C.R.Das.
  • Membership charge to join congress was reduced to 4 anna.

Session	President	Outcome/Major events
Calcutta Session-1906	Dadabhai Naoroji	Adopted four resolutions on Swaraj(self-government) Boycott Movement Swadeshi Movement National Education
Gaya Session-1922	C.R.Das	C.R.Das and other leaders broke out from Congress. Formation of Swaraj Party
Lucknow Session-1916	A.C.Majumdar	Unity between two factions Extremists and Moderates of congress. Lucknow Pact signed between Congress and the Muslim league to build political consensus.

The correct answer is option 3, i.e. Yalta.

Yalta Conference, 1945 - 

• The Big Three, President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Premier Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union met at Yalta in Crimea.
• The three representatives met to plan the final defeat and occupation of Nazi Germany.
• They agreed that after Germany's unconditional surrender, it would be divided into four post-war occupation zones, controlled by U.S., British, French and Soviet military forces. Hence option 3 is correct.
• The city of Berlin would also be divided into similar occupation zones.