Variations in Psychological Attributes Test

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Variations in Psychological Attributes Test - 3

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Question 1
1 / -0.25

Galton introduced the idea of correlation (or co-relation) and showed which of the following to be true?

A
A correlation of −1 indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables being considered.

B
Correlations should only be used with variables that are normally distributed.

C
If variable A (e.g. height) shows a correlation with variable B (e.g. weight) of +1.0, then we know that A caused B.

D
IQ was correlated with job performance.

Solution

Together, the notions of normal distribution and correlation allow us to consider how our abilities vary in relation to each other and in relation to the abilities of others in the population, and hence how well we can use scores on one variable to predict scores on another.
Question 2
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Binet was the first psychologist to specify that intelligence tests must be:
1. Administered and scored in a careful and standardized manner if comparisons between children ’s performance are to be valid and reliable.
2. Presented in the same order to all children and in order of increasing difficulty so that each child can pass as many tests as possible.
3. Difficult, to ensure that only intelligent people pass them.
4. Administered in a one-to-one setting and only where the examiner has first established a friendly rapport with the child.
A
1,2,3

B
2,3

C
1,2,4

D
3,4
Solution
Binet and his associate Th éodore Simon used a range of tasks in their first intelligence tests. These included around 30 items of increasing difficulty, from simple items that even intellectually disabled children were able to complete. More complex tasks included pointing to body parts and defining words such as ‘house ’or ‘wheel ’, and tasks that were harder still, such as repeating back strings of digits and constructing sentences involving several specified words.Interestingly, vocabulary and digit recall tasks are still used in our most advanced intelligence tests today.
Binet was also the first psychologist to specify that such tests must be:
administered and scored in a careful and standardized manner if comparisons between children ’s performance are to be valid and reliable;
presented in the same order to all children and in order of increasing difficulty so that each child can pass as many tests as possible; and
administered in a one-to-one setting and only where the examiner has first established a friendly rapport with the child.Psychologists still adhere to these very important principles of testing today.
Question 3
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Which one of the following is most likely to be true? A person with an IQ of 100 is:

A
Unlikely to be able to finish high school.

B
Unable to get a driving licence.

C
Likely to have trouble completing a university degree.

D
More intelligent than a person with an IQ of 120.

Solution

The higher the IQ score, the more intelligent the person. The average IQ is 90 –110, with university students usually having an IQ of at least 115.
Question 4
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It is generally accepted that there is such a thing as general intelligence. So which of the following statements is true?

A
Some people have general intelligence, others have multiple intelligences.

B
The only people who do not have general intelligence are those that have IQs less than 100.

C
General intelligence develops by adulthood.

D
General intelligence can be thought of as ‘mental energy ’that is applied to all tasks that we attempt.

Solution

Spearman ’s finding of a general feature that underlies performance in many areas was so radical that it became the hallmark of his work. Spearman likened g to mental energy –a limited resource available to all intellectual tasks. So the idea was that individuals differ in general intelligence because they have different amounts of this mental energy.
Question 5
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Mental retardation is represented by which of the following characteristics?

A
Low general intelligence

B
Slow on-line processing

C
A known organic etiology

D
IQ below 70

E
All of the above

Solution

All of the answers given above refer to characteristics associated with mental retardation.
Question 6
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IQ test scores represent __________ measures of intelligence.

A
Genotypic

B
Environmental

C
Modular

D
Phenotypic

E
General

Solution

IQ test scores represent phenotypic measures of intelligence. Phenotypic refers to the expression of our genes in behavioural traits that we can measure. Genotypic refers to the DNA we inherited from our parents. Environmental, modular and general are not standard terms used to refer to the genetics of IQ.
Question 7
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Flynn has shown that there has been a standard deviation increase, per generation, in the mean level of intelligence test performance for most of this century in Western society, which equates to about three IQ points per decade. He believes that such a difference has to be the result of which one of the following?

A
An environmental change, because gene frequencies in populations couldn 't change so quickly.

B
Improvements in the gene pool as we evolve.

C
A statistical artefact.

D
None of the above.

Solution

Such a difference has to be the result of an environmental change, because gene frequencies in populations could not change so quickly. If there can be shifts of one standard deviation in IQ between generations that are environmental in origin, despite the high heritability of IQ differences, why could there not be similar environmentally mediated differences between populations within the current generation?
Question 8
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Anderson argues three of the following –but which ONE is NOT in line with his arguments?

A
The first route to knowledge is through thought (central processes).

B
The ‘thought ’route to knowledge is unrelated to individual differences in IQ.

C
Thoughtful problem solving can be done either by verbalizing a problem (using language-like propositions to think) or by visualizing it (using visuo-spatial representations to think).

D
We need two different kinds of knowledge acquisition routines, each generated by one of two specific processors.

Solution

Anderson suggests that the first route to knowledge is through thought (central processes) and is related to differences in IQ. Thoughtful problem-solving can be done either by verbalizing a problem (using language-like propositions to think) or by visualizing it (using visuo-spatial representations to think). For this to happen, we need two different kinds of knowledge acquisition routines, each generated by one of two specific processors.
It is proposed that these processors are the source of individual differences in specific abilities, which, in turn, are constrained by the speed of a basic processing mechanism. So, at a slow processing speed, only the simplest kinds of thoughts of either kind can occur. (It is argued that the speed of the basic processing mechanism can be measured using tasks such as inspection time and reaction time.) It is suggested by Anderson that this constraint is the basis of individual differences in general intelligence and the reason for manifest specific abilities being correlated (giving rise to the g factor).
Question 9
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What explanations have been given to challenge the widely publicized, yet grossly inaccurate, claim that differences in IQ scores between black and white Americans are due to genetic differences in intelligence?

A
Disadvantaged social groups are treated differently

B
Socio-economic status provides different opportunities

C
IQ tests are biased against minority groups

D
(a), (b) and (c)

E
No one has challenged the race-IQ claims

Solution

Many researchers and other professionals have challenged the claims of a race-IQ link by emphasizing the environmental influences that can lead to observed differences, which include the disadvantaged status and treatment of minority groups, socio-economic differences and biased IQ tests.
Question 10
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Which are the most widely used individual tests of intelligence?

A
Wechsler tests

B
Stanford-Binet tests

C
IQ tests

D
Reaction time tests

E
Spearman ’s g

Solution

Wechsler tests are the most widely used individual tests of intelligence.

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Variations in Psychological Attributes Test - 3

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Question 1

A correlation of −1 indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables being considered.

Correlations should only be used with variables that are normally distributed.

If variable A (e.g. height) shows a correlation with variable B (e.g. weight) of +1.0, then we know that A caused B.

IQ was correlated with job performance.

Solution

Question 2

1,2,3

2,3

1,2,4

3,4

Solution

Question 3

Unlikely to be able to finish high school.

Unable to get a driving licence.

Likely to have trouble completing a university degree.

More intelligent than a person with an IQ of 120.

Solution

Question 4

Some people have general intelligence, others have multiple intelligences.

The only people who do not have general intelligence are those that have IQs less than 100.

General intelligence develops by adulthood.

General intelligence can be thought of as ‘mental energy ’that is applied to all tasks that we attempt.

Solution

Question 5

Low general intelligence

Slow on-line processing

A known organic etiology

IQ below 70

All of the above

Solution

Question 6

Genotypic

Environmental

Modular

Phenotypic

General

Solution

Question 7

An environmental change, because gene frequencies in populations couldn 't change so quickly.

Improvements in the gene pool as we evolve.

A statistical artefact.

None of the above.

Solution

Question 8

The first route to knowledge is through thought (central processes).

The ‘thought ’route to knowledge is unrelated to individual differences in IQ.

Thoughtful problem solving can be done either by verbalizing a problem (using language-like propositions to think) or by visualizing it (using visuo-spatial representations to think).

We need two different kinds of knowledge acquisition routines, each generated by one of two specific processors.

Solution

Question 9

Disadvantaged social groups are treated differently

Socio-economic status provides different opportunities

IQ tests are biased against minority groups

(a), (b) and (c)

No one has challenged the race-IQ claims

Solution

Question 10

Wechsler tests

Stanford-Binet tests

IQ tests

Reaction time tests

Spearman ’s g

Solution

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