The correct answer is NCS.

Key PointsNCS (NATIONAL CAREER SERVICE)

• It is one of the mission mode projects under the umbrella of the E-Governance Plan.
• It works towards bridging the gap between job-seekers and employers, candidates seeking training and career guidance, and agencies providing training and career counseling by transforming the National Employment Service.
• NCS provides a host of career-related services such as dynamic job matching, career counseling, job notifications, vocational guidance, information on skill development courses, internships, and alike.
• The focus areas for the National Career Service platform are listed below:
  • Enhancing career and employment opportunities.
  • Counseling and guidance for career development.
  • Focusing on decent employment
  • Enhancing female labor force participation.
  • Encouraging entrepreneurial endeavors.

SSA

• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is a flagship program of the Indian Government.
• It was initiated in 2001 to attain the Universalisation of Elementary Education.
• SSA is legally backed by adding education as a fundamental right in the Indian Constitution under Article 21 A.

Ladli

• 'Ladli Laxmi Utsav' was organized virtually in every Anganwadi and Panchayat Bhawan in Madhya Pradesh.
• The Government of Madhya Pradesh implemented 'Ladli Laxmi Yojana' on 1 April 2007 with the objective of creating positive thinking among the public towards girl childbirth, improving the sex ratio, improving the educational status and health status of girls, and laying the foundation for their good future.
• Chief Minister Shivraj Singh announced the launch of Ladli Laxmi Yojana 2.0 'Atmanirbhar Ladli', so that every daughter of the state would be socially and financially empowered.

Kasturba Gandhi

• Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidhyalaya
• Ministry/Department: Department of School Education & Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development
• Objective: To provide educational facilities for girls belonging to SC, ST, OBC, minority communities, and families below the poverty line in Educationally Backward Blocks
• Scheme: To set up residential upper primary schools for girls from SC, ST, OBC, Minority, and BPL girls in the educationally backward blocks.
  • Free boarding/lodging, books, stationery, and uniforms are being provided to the children in these schools.
  • Factual Information:
• Started in 2004
• Now merged in SSA

The correct answer is Falsifiability.

Key Points Falsifiability

• Falsifiability is the capacity for some proposition, statement, theory or hypothesis to be proven wrong.
• That capacity is an essential component of the scientific method and hypothesis testing.
• In a scientific context, falsifiability is sometimes considered synonymous with testability.
• In hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis usually states the contrary of the experimental or alternative hypothesis.
• The null hypothesis provides the basis of falsifiability, describing what the outcome would demonstrate, should the prediction of the hypothesis not be supported by the study.
• The researcher's hypothesis might predict, for example, that fewer hours working correlates to lower employee productivity.
• The null hypothesis would be that fewer hours working is correlated with higher productivity, or that there is no change when employees spend less time at work
• The requirement of falsifiability means that conclusions cannot be drawn from simple observation of a particular phenomenon.
• The black swan problem is an illustration: If a man lives his life seeing only white swans and never knows that there are any non-white swans, he might assume that all swans are white.
• For falsifiability, it isn't necessary to know that there are black swans but simply to understand that the statement "All swans are white" would be disproven should a single non-white swan exist.

• The Austrian philosopher and scientist Karl Popper (1902-1994) introduced the concept of falsifiability in his writings on the demarcation problem, which explored the difficulty of separating science from pseudo-science.

The correct answer is peculium.

Key Points

PECULIUM

• In the estate system i.e. feudalism where servants served their masters, the term Peculium was introduced which basically means the lending of some amount of money or property to slaves.
• It was a hereditary system in which the parent guarantees the power of control to the next generation.

Additional Information

CARTEL

• Cartel term was introduced before the starting of World War 2.
• Cartel Theory stated that the control over business and market profiles are under some group of influential people who led the group.

The correct answer is cartel.

Key Point

Cartel:

• A group of industrialists who together monopolize or gain complete control over the market.
• A cartel begins with a group of independent entities who enter into an agreement to collude in the markets, usually with three key objectives:
  • Increasing their profits by maintaining high prices
  • Artificially regulating or restricting the supply of goods to markets
  • Establishing a monopoly to eliminate competition
• Once the agreement has been established, the cartel manipulates markets by engaging in anticompetitive and often illegal activities. These can include, but are not limited to the following:
  • Collusion – Collusion is the opposite of competition. Firms in a cartel will share information and make decisions collaboratively to maximize their profits.
  • Price Fixing – If a cartel controls a large market share for an essential good, they may attempt to increase their profits through price fixing. Instead of competing with each other to deliver the lowest price to the customer, members of the cartel agree to sell their product at the same inflated price.
  • Bid Rigging – Bid rigging happens when firms in a cartel work together to manipulate the outcome of a procurement auction.
  • Market Allocation – Market allocation is an anticompetitive business practice characterized by the allocation or apportionment of markets, territories, product niches, or customer demographics between firms.
  • Supply Quotas – Cartels may limit their production to maintain high prices for their goods. Some cartels assign specific production quotas to each member firm and impose sanctions or penalties on firms who overproduce.
• What is the Purpose of a Cartel?
  • The purpose of a cartel is to establish greater control over a market and eliminate competition through collusion, thereby making it easier for the member firms to earn more profit.
  • When cartels earn more profit through collusion than they would have through competition, that extra money comes from overcharging the customer. Collusion between firms in a cartel also means that individual firms are no longer competing to deliver the lowest price or highest quality product for the customer. This lack of competition stifles innovation and discourages firms from disrupting the status quo. 

The correct answer is parson.

Key Points

Functionalist Theory

• Talcott Parsons believe that order, stability and cooperation in society are based on value consensus that is a general agreement by members of society concerning what is good and worthwhile.
• Stratification system derives from common values it follows from the existence of values that individuals will be evaluated and therefore placed in some form of rank order.
• Stratification is the ranking of units in a social system in accordance with the common value system.
• Those who perform successfully in terms of society's values will be ranked highly and they will be likely to receive a variety of rewards and will be accorded high prestige since they exemplify and personify common values.
• According to Kingsley Davis and Moore stratification exists in every known human society.
• All social system shares certain functional prerequisites which must be met if the system is to survive and operate efficiently.
• One such prerequisite is role allocation and performance. This means that all roles must be filled.
• They will be filled by those best able to perform them.
• The necessary training for them is undertaken and that the roles are performed conscientiously.
• Davis and Moore argue that all societies need some mechanism for insuring effective role allocation and performance.
• This mechanism is social stratification which they see as a system which attaches unequal rewards and privileges to the positions in society.
• They concluded that social stratification is a device by which societies insure that the most important positions are conscientiously filled by the most qualified persons.

The correct answer is Primary.

Key Points Primary Group

• The concept of ‘primary groups’ is a significant contribution of C.H. Cooley to the social thought.
• Primary groups are found in all the societies.
• The primary group is the nucleus of all social organization.
• It is a small group in which a few persons come into direct contact with one another.
• These persons meet face to face for mutual help, companionship and discussion of common questions.
• Cooley used the term ‘primary groups’ to mean a social group characterized by ‘face-to-face’ relationship, mutual aid and companionship.
• By primary groups, Cooley meant the intimate, personal ‘face-to-face’ groups in which we find our companions and comrades as the members of our family and our daily associates.
• These are the people with whom we enjoy the more intimate kinds of social relations.
• The primary groups can be referred to as the ‘We’ groups.
• Cooley explained that a primary group involves the sort of sympathy and mutual identification for which ‘We’ is the natural expression.
• Primary groups are universal group functioning in all states of cultural development.
• They are the chief basis of what is universal in  human nature and human ideals.
• The ‘self’ is developed and moulded by the primary group relations.
• Primary groups socialized the individuals.
• As MacIver says they are ‘the breeding ground of our mores and the nurse of our loyalties’.
• In primitive culture, and even in advance cultures before the growth of cities, the majority of associations occur in primary groups.

The correct answer is It does not indicate procedures.

Key PointsCommunity

• Community is a group of people who interact with one another within a bounded geographic territory, often sharing common values, beliefs, or behaviors.
• Basic Elements of Community:
  • Group of people
  • Geographical territory: Living together facilities people to develop social contacts, give protection, safety and security.
  • Community sentiment: It implies ‘a feeling of belonging together. Community feeling has the four important aspects such as we-feeling, interdependence, participation and community control.
  • Interaction among them: Interaction among the people of group.

Institution

• It is an arrangement of integrated set of social norms organised around the preservation of basic social values.
• Institutions can refer to mechanisms which govern the behavior of a set of individuals within a given community; moreover, institutions are identified with a social purpose.
• Examples of institutions include: Family, Religion, Peer groups, Educational institutions, Military system, etc.
• Characteristics of an Institution:
  • Common cultural system: A cultural system exists and all follow the same cultural practices and traditions.
  • Permanent recognition: The beliefs are laid out and tried and tested over time. It they sustain then they become the fundamental beliefs of the institution and gain a permanent recognition.
  • Well-known defined objectives: The objectives resonate with the cultural norms.
  • Transmitter of social heritage: It is in the institutions that individual learns basic values of the life. It helps to conserve and transmit social culture and heritage along generations.
  • Resistant to social change: Social institutions are social patterns that establish the organized behaviour of human beings in the performance of basic social functions, therefore resistant to social change.

The correct answer is It has no spontaneous origin.

Key Points

Community

• Community is a group of people who interact with one another within a bounded geographic territory, often sharing common values, beliefs, or behaviors.
• Basic Elements of Community:
  • Group of people
  • Geographical territory: Living together facilities people to develop social contacts, give protection, safety and security.
  • Community sentiment: It implies ‘a feeling of belonging together. Community feeling has the four important aspects such as we-feeling, interdependence, participation and community control.
  • Interaction among them: Interaction among the people of group.

Institution

• It is an arrangement of integrated set of social norms organised around the preservation of basic social values.
• Institutions can refer to mechanisms which govern the behavior of a set of individuals within a given community; moreover, institutions are identified with a social purpose.
• Examples of institutions include: Family, Religion, Peer groups, Educational institutions, Military system, etc.
• Characteristics of an Institution:
  • Common cultural system: A cultural system exists and all follow the same cultural practices and traditions.
  • Permanent recognition: The beliefs are laid out and tried and tested over time. It they sustain then they become the fundamental beliefs of the institution and gain a permanent recognition.
  • Well-known defined objectives: The objectives resonate with the cultural norms.
  • Transmitter of social heritage: It is in the institutions that individual learns basic values of the life. It helps to conserve and transmit social culture and heritage along generations.
  • Resistant to social change: Social institutions are social patterns that establish the organized behaviour of human beings in the performance of basic social functions, therefore resistant to social change.

The correct answer is Durkheim.

Key Points Guild Socialism

• Guild Socialism, a movement that called for workers’ control of industry through a system of national guilds operating in an implied contractual relationship with the public.
• The Guild Socialist movement developed in England and had its main impact there in the first two decades of the 20th century.
• Guild Socialist doctrine first appeared in 1906, with the publication of The Restoration of the Gild System, by Arthur Joseph Penty, and an article by Alfred Richard Orage on the same subject in the Contemporary Review.
• Later, Guild Socialist theory developed in The New Age, a publication edited by Orage.
• There, a full statement of the doctrine, Samuel George Hobson’s National Guilds, was first published serially in 1912–13.
• Guild Socialism gained a wider following when a group of younger men began to advocate it in a new publication, the Daily Herald.
• In 1915 the movement assumed an organized form with the founding of the National Guilds League.

The correct answer is option 3.

Key PointsCompetition

• Competition is the struggle for possession of rewards that are in limited supply—money, goods, status, power, love—anything (Horton and Hunt, 1964).
• It is a process of seeking to obtain a reward by surpassing all rivals.
• In the words of Biesanz and Biesanz (1964), “competition is the striving of two or more persons or groups for the same goal which is limited so that all cannot share it”.
• According to Sutherland, Woodward, and Maxwell (1961), “competition is an impersonal, unconscious, continuous struggle between individuals or groups for satisfaction which, because of their limited supply, all may not have”.
• Nature and characteristics of Competition
  • Scarcity as a condition of competition: Wherever there are commonly desired goods and services, there is competition. In fact, economics starts with its fundamental proposition that while human wants are unlimited the resources that can satisfy these wants are strictly limited. Hence people compete for the possession of these limited resources. As Hamilton has pointed out competition is necessitated by a population of insatiable wants and a world of stubborn and inadequate resources.
  • Competition is continuous: it is found virtually in every area of social activity and social interaction- particularly, competition for status, wealth, and fame is always present in almost all societies.
  •  Competition is a cause of social change: Competition is a cause of social change in that; it causes persons to adopt new forms of behavior in order to attain desired ends. New forms of behavior involve inventions and innovations which naturally bring about social change.
  •  Competition may be personal or impersonal: Competition is normally directed towards a goal and not against any individual. Sometimes, it takes place without the actual knowledge of others' existence. It is impersonal as in the case of civil service examination in which the contestants are not even aware of one another's identity. Competition may also be personal as when two individuals contest for election to an office. As competition becomes more personal it leads to rivalry and shades into conflict. Competition in the social world is largely impersonal.
  • Competition is always governed by norms: Competition is not limitless nor is it un-regulated. There is no such thing as unrestricted competition. Such a phrase is contradictory in terms. Moral norms or legal rules always govern and control competition. Competitors are expected to use fair tactics and not cut throat devices.

The correct answer is asura.

Key Points

Hindu Marriage

• The Hindu community has been giving great importance for marriage since time immemorial. There are different forms of marriage -
• Brahma Vivaha is where a father marries his daughter to a learned man of good moral character.
• Asura Vivaha is marriage by paying bride price.
• Rakshasa Vivaha is by capture or abduction without obtaining the consent of a girl or her parents.
• Gandharva Vivaha is based on mutual love.
• Prajapatya Vivaha is where no ceremony is performed but the groom is honoured.

The correct answer is Incest taboo.

Key Points Incest taboo

• The word “incest” is a word which means sexual intercourse with the closely related persons of one’s family like brother and sister, mother and son etc. 
• “Taboo” refers to the prohibition intercourse especially on religious and moral bases. So, incest taboo means the prohibition of sexual intercourse or marriage between the close related persons of family.
• In every society there are some limits of prohibitions of sexuality.
• However in some other societies incest taboo is permitted like in “ancient Egyptians.
• They practiced marriage between brother and sister in the royal families.
• This is also practiced in Saha Tribe of Columbia and North America.
• Islam gives the permission of marriage cross and parallel cousins but in other societies it is prohibited considered them as siblings.
• The incest taboo in any society consists of a set of prohibitions which outlaw heterosexual relationships between different categories of kinsmen. 

The correct answer is caste.

Key Points

• PURITY AND POLUTION: the three element of caste system are hierarchy, repulsion and hereditary specialization which are directly related to practicing of purity and pollution called untouchable.
  • According to pro. M.N. Srinivas, traditional Indian society was based on Varna and Jati.
  • This system is very ancient in origin from Rigveda and through the passage of time it has undergone, profound changes.
  • The origin of Varna is reasonable clear from the references in the Vedic Corpus stated by him and the genesis of the Jati have been the clan, prior to its becoming a caste.
• To identify two characteristic features of caste are ‘purity and pollution’ (unclean) and ‘endogamy’ (marriage within caste).
• Hindu society as articulated in the Vedas is classified into four Varnas or caste: Brahmin (priest and teacher), Kshatriyas (ruler and warrior), Vaishya (trader) and Shutra (servant).
• There are further sub-divided hierarchically into many smaller Caste or Jatis.
• The Dalit, Chandalas and Adivasis caste were left outside from division of varnas and they are treated as the lower caste hierarchy, and they were considered as polluted caste and they can’t touch to the other upper caste, this custom is called untouchability system.
• The marriage were practicing in form of endogamy where marriage take outside their caste is prohibited.
• A caste system is a division of society based on occupation and family lineage.
• Hindu caste system recognized four distinct classes or divisions among people based on the criteria and enforced it through it is through rigid code of conduct that was specific to each class and rooted in the dharmashastras (law books) of the later vedic period.
• The four main caste recognized by traditional Hindu society based primarily on hereditary occupation are mention below;
  • Brahmins; they are the priest and teacher who perform the religious ritual and obliged to serve the sacrament.
  • Kshatriyas; they were the ruler and warrior in the society. Manu laid down that it was the duties of the king and warrior to protect the kingdom and his people.
  • Vaishyas; they are the merchant and peasant classes in the society. They were expected to tend catle, offer sacrifices, trade, and lending money and cultivate the land.
  • Shutras; they were the lowest class among the four caste divided in the society. There were not allowed to study vedas or event hear the sacred chants. There duties is to serve the other three caste.
  • Chandalas, Dalit and Adivasis; the lowest of the shudras and other class outside from the four varnas were treated as impure ones. They are treated as untouchables because of their gory religious practice, penchant for sacrifices, magical rites and unclean habits.

The correct answer is all.

Key PointsConstitutional provisions for development of Scheduled Tribes

• Article 46 of the Constitution provides that the State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the society and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.
• Reservation in educational institution has been provided in Article 15(4) while reservation in posts and services has been provided in Article 16(4), 16(4A) and 16(4B) of the Constitution.
• Article 23 which prohibits traffic in human beings and beggar and other similar forms of forced labour has a special significance for Scheduled Tribes. In pursuance of this Article, Parliament has enacted the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976. Similarly, Article 24 which prohibits employment of Children below the age of 14 years in any factory or mine or in any other hazards activity is also significant for Scheduled Tribes as a substantial portion of child labour engaged in these jobs belong to Scheduled Tribes.
• Article 243D provides reservation of Seats for Scheduled Tribes in Panchayats.
• Article 330 provides reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.
• Article 332 provides reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in Legislative Assemblies of the States.
• Article 334 provides that reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and the State Vidhan Sabhas (and the representation of the Anglo-Indian Community in the Lok Sabha and the State Vidhan Sabhas by nomination) would continue up to January, 2020.
• Other specific safeguards have been provided in Article 244 read with the provisions contained in Fifth and Sixth Schedule to the Constitution.

The correct answer is morris ginsberg.

Key Points

•  Morris Ginsberg defines society as a collection of individuals united by certain relations or mode of behavior which mark them off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them in behavior.
• He defines sociology in the following way: "In the broadest sense, sociology is the study of human interactions and inter-relations, their conditions and consequences"
• Morris Ginsberg was a British sociologist, who played a key role in the development of the discipline.
•  As Ginsberg sums it up insightfully, “It might be argued that the diversity of moral judgments affords no more proof of their subjectivity than the diversity of judgments regarding matters of fact throws any doubt on the possibility of valid scientific judgments about them” He then goes on to detail six different contexts wherein a certain variation in moral practices may be noted between and within certain nations and cultures. In sum, they are as follows:
  • (1) Variations in the view as to whom moral rules were held to be applicable.
  • (2) Variations arising due to differences of opinion as to the non-moral qualities of certain acts and their consequences.
  • (3) Variations arising from the fact that the same act appears to be seen differently in different situations and contexts.
  • (4) Variations arising due to a difference of emphasis on different elements comprising moral life.
  • (5) Variations arising from the possibility of alternative ways of satisfying primary needs.
  • (6) Variations due to differences of moral insight and general level of development, ethical as well as intellectual

The correct answer is patri - local.

Key PointsPatrilocal Residence

• A patrilocal rule specifies that, upon marriage, a man remains in his father's household while his wife leaves her family to move in with him.
• As children are born, they are added to the paternal unit.
• The result is a patrilocal extended family, in which three or more generations of related men live together to form a shallow patrilineage.
• An alternate designation, virilocal, refers to a simpler rule that a wife must move to her husband's residence.

Additional Information

Matrilocal Residence

• A matrilocal rule specifies that, upon marriage, a woman remains in her mother's household while her husband leaves his family to move in with her.
• As children are born, they are added to the maternal unit. The result is a matrilocal extended family, in which three or more generations of related women live together to form a shallow matrilineage. An alternate designation, uxorilocal, refers to a simpler rule that a husband must move to his wife's residence.

Matrifocal Residence

• A matrifocal family consists of a woman and her children and sometimes her daughter's children, without coresident husbands or other adult men.
• This pattern is not usually an expression of a rule or cultural preference but results from economic conditions in which a man is unable to support a family.
• The household form is different from a matrilocal one, in which wives and husbands are coresident.

Avunculocal Residence

• The avunculocal rule is more complicated than the previous ones, since two residence changes are involved.
• Household formation begins with a virilocal rule, placing a married woman in her husband's household, where their children are raised.
• Upon reaching maturity, the men must relocate to their mother's brother's household, the actual avunculocal move.
• The result is an avunculocal extended family consisting of one or more elder men, their sister's sons, and the wives and immature children of all the married men.

Bilocal (not comparable) (anthropology)

• Describing a situation in which a married couple alternate their residence between that of the wife's and husband's group.

The correct answer is Joking relationships. 

Key Points Joking relationships 

• Joking relationship, relationship between two individuals or groups that allows or requires unusually free verbal or physical interaction.
• The relationship may be mutual (symmetrical) or formalized in such a way that one person or group does the teasing and the other is not allowed to retaliate (asymmetrical).
• The type of interaction varies and may include light teasing, chastisement, verbal abuse, sexual ribaldry, or horseplay.
• Joking relationships generally occur in one of three forms, all of which are generally found in situations in which conflict or rivalry is possible but must be avoided. In one form, it is used as an instrument of social sanction, with the joker calling public attention to an individual or a group that has behaved in a socially unacceptable way.
• When such a relationship obtains between groups, the jocularity or critique, although disrespectful, expresses the separateness of the groups in a manner that averts actual conflict.
• Joking relationships generally occur in one of three forms, all of which are generally found in situations in which conflict or rivalry is possible but must be avoided.
  • In one form, it is used as an instrument of social sanction, with the joker calling public attention to an individual or a group that has behaved in a socially unacceptable way.
  • When such a relationship obtains between groups, the jocularity or critique, although disrespectful, expresses the separateness of the groups in a manner that averts actual conflict.
• The second form of joking relationship is often found in association with the avoidance relationship, which limits direct personal contact and maintains an extreme degree of respect between categories of people.
  • In such cases, joking relationships are typically prescribed between people of opposite sex who are potential partners in marriage or sexual relations, while avoidance relations are required between persons of opposite sex for whom marital or sexual relations are forbidden.
  • Both of these customs—viewed as points along a continuum of respectful behaviour ranging from avoidance to license—act to stabilize relations that might be subject to conflict. For example, in many cultures a man must avoid his mother-in-law and joke with his sisters-in-law, while a woman must avoid her father-in-law and joke with her brothers-in-law.
• The third common form of joking relationship occurs between people of alternating generations.
  • In these cases, grandparents and grandchildren share an especially fond relationship that is characterized by interactions ranging from gentle teasing to explicit or ribald descriptions of one another’s body parts or bodily functions.
  • In contrast, relationships between parents and children tend to be more formal and oriented toward discipline.
  • As with the other forms, this kind of joking relationship separates people into those from whom one may expect social support and those from whom one may expect social sanction.​

The correct answer is 'Id' is the organ of untamed passions whereas 'superego' acts with reason.

Key Points The Id

• According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality.
• The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth.
• This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes instinctive and primitive behaviors.
• The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink.
• The id is very important early in life because it ensures that an infant's needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, they will cry until the demands of the id are satisfied. Young infants are ruled entirely by the id, there is no reasoning with them when these needs demand satisfaction.
• Imagine trying to convince a baby to wait until lunchtime to eat their meal. The id requires immediate satisfaction, and because the other components of personality are not yet present, the infant will cry until these needs are fulfilled.
• However, immediately fulfilling these needs is not always realistic or even possible. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing the things that we want out of other people's hands to satisfy our own cravings.
• This behavior would be both disruptive and socially unacceptable.
• According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle through the use of primary process thinking, which involves forming a mental image of the desired object as a way of satisfying the need.

The Superego

• According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five.
• The superego holds the internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from our parents and society (our sense of right and wrong).
• The superego provides guidelines for making judgments.
• The superego has two parts:
  • The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviors are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments, or feelings of guilt and remorse.
  • The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for behaviors that the ego aspires to.
• The superego tries to perfect and civilize our behavior.
• It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic principles.
• The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.

The correct answer is Migration rate.

Additional Information Migration rate

• The net migration rate is the difference between the number of immigrants (people coming into an area) and the number of emigrants (people leaving an area) throughout the year.
• The rate of population growth is the rate of natural increase combined with the effects of migration.
• Thus a high rate of natural increase can be offset by a large net out-migration, and a low rate of natural increase can be countered by a high level of net in-migration.
• Immigrants contribute to population growth because of both their own numbers and their above-average fertility. Most of those who immigrate are working-age adults, so immigrants are more likely than U.S.-born residents to be in their child-bearing years.
• In general, an internal migration rate is the number of internal migratory events divided by the population exposed to the possibility of internal migration. In practice, the population of a given area is used as the base for the calculation of in, out, and net migration rates for the area.

Emigration rate

• The amount by which the number of emigrants (= people leaving a country to live in another) is greater than the number of immigrants (= people arriving): The country has high levels of net emigration, as more people leave when times are toughest economically.

Balance of migration

• The migration balance is the difference between the number of persons having entered the territory and the number of persons having left the territory in the course of the year. This concept is independent of nationality.

The correct answer is fertility ratio.

Key Points

The fertility rate

•  The fertility rate at a given age is the number of children born alive to women of that age during the year as a proportion of the average annual population of women of the same age.
• By extension, the fertility rate is the ratio between the number of live births in a year and the whole female population of childbearing age (average number of women between 15 and 50 years of age over the year). Unlike total period fertility, the fertility rate is partly dependent on trends in the age structure of women between the ages of 15 and 50.

Crude birth rate

•  The ratio between the number of live births in a population during a given year and the total mid-year population for the same year, usually multiplied by 1,000.
• For example, if a country has a population of 1 million, and 15,000 babies were born last year in that country, we divide both the 15,000 and 1,000,000 by 1,000 to obtain the rate per 1,000. Thus the crude birth rate is 15 per 1,000.

General fertility rate

• General fertility rate (GFR) is the number of births in a year divided by the number of women of childbearing age (usually 15 to 49 years old, or sometimes 15 to 44 years old), times 1000.
• It focuses on potential mothers only, and takes the age distribution into account

The correct answer is Religion explains individual suffering and helps to integrate personality

Key Points DYSFUNCTIONS OF RELIGION

• No doubt religion performs many positive roles in society and act as an integrating or unifying force in human society. But at the same time religion has many dysfunctions or performs many negative roles which destablishes and disintegrates society. However, some of the negative roles of religion are:
•  Religion hinders social and economic progress. Religion makes people dogmatic and superstitious as a result of which people oppose all kinds of scientific discoveries and technological advancement. It divides society into different sections.
• Religion makes people fatalistic. Instead of human effort and worship they start believing on God’s desire and believe that everything is predestined. This kind of thinking make them idle and thereby the progress of society is hampered.
•  Religion encourages exploitation. Marx opines that religion is the root cause of exploitation. In the name of religion and God one section of society exploits others and inculcate the idea among the exploited that they are defined to suffer because of their previous karma. God made them so and no one can alter their condition.
• Religion creates poverty, slavery and untouchability in society. People do not try to improve their condition because God wanted them to be in that position. Religion makes a section of people untouchable which disintegrates society.
• Religion promotes different types of evil practices like animal sacrifice, customs of sati, caste system, untouchability etc.
• Religion promotes communalism by creating intolerance, mistrust, hatred and jealousy among people. Because of this different religious groups got involved in different kinds of conflict which leads to communalism and communal riots.
• Marx opines that religion is the opium of the masses which keeps them in degrading subjection.
•  Religion creates dogmatism and bigotism and thereby denying freedom of thought.
•  Religion retards the advance of science and suppressed the democratic aspirations of common people.
•  Religion favored war and poverty in society.
• Religion creates political instability in society by entangling itself with politics. Different political parties are exploiting the religious card to create vote banks.

The correct answer is Herbert Blumer.

Key Points

•  Blumer coined the term symbolic interactionism in 1937, keeping this sociological perspective alive through the early 1950s at Chicago, and then in California where he was a professor at the University of Californa in Berkeley.
• The term “symbolic interaction” refers, of course, to the peculiar and distinctive character of interaction as it takes place between human beings. 
• The peculiarity consists in the fact that human beings interpret or “define” each other's actions instead of merely reacting to each other's actions. 
• Their “response” is not made directly to the actions of one another but instead is based on the meaning which they attach to such actions. 
• Thus, human interaction is mediated by the use of symbols, by interpretation, or by ascertaining the meaning of one another's actions. 
• This mediation is equivalent to inserting a process of interpretation between stimulus and response in the case of human behavior.  
• According to Blumer, the characteristics of this approach are
  • human interaction
  • interpretation or definition rather than mere reaction
  • response based on meaning
  • use of symbols
  • interpretation between stimulus and response
• Blumer proposed an interpretive model for sociology which “inserts a middle term into the stimulus response couplet so that it becomes stimulus-interpretation-response” (Wallace and Wolf, p. 206). 
• Cohen notes that Blumer made this theory more individualistic, less connected to biological dimensions, and less concerned with larger social processes than did Mead.

The correct answer is None of the above.

Key Points

Qualitative methods

• Qualitative methods include interviews, focus groups, participant observation, ethnography, historical analysis, and textual or content analysis.
• The methods are applied to all substantive areas of sociological inquiry.
• Quantitative data refers to information that appears in numerical form, or in the form of statistics. Qualitative data refers to information that appears in written, visual or audio form, such as transcripts of interviews, newspapers and web sites.
• Six common types of qualitative research are phenomenological, ethnographic, grounded theory, historical, case study, and action research. Phenomenological studies examine human experiences through the descrip- tions that are provided by the people involved.
• Qualitative research has a long history in sociology and has been used within it for as long as the field has existed. This type of research has long appealed to social scientists because it allows the researchers to investigate the meanings people attribute to their behavior, actions, and interactions with others.

The correct answer is Mead.

Key PointsG H MEAD

• He believed that people had consciousness or a sense of self.
• He was highly influenced by psychological behaviorism.
• Mead offered a social+psychological theory that stood in stark contrast to the prevailing theories offered by most of the major European theorists.
• His works were central towards evolution of Symbolic Interactionism.
• Sociologist George Herbert Mead believed that people develop self-images through interactions with other people. He argued that the self, which is the part of a person's personality consisting of self-awareness and self-image, is a product of social experience.
• G.H. Mead has given a sociological analysis of the process of socialization.
  • According to him the self develops out of the child’s communicative contact others.
  • The new-born infant has needs like those for food and clothing that press for satisfaction.
  • The mother satisfies these needs and the child comes to depend upon her and ‘identifies himself’ with her emotionally.
  • But in course of time the child differentiates himself from his mother and then he has to integrate himself and mother into a new social system, a two-person two-role system, with the child taking a subordinate role to the superior role of the mother.
  • Then the child repeats the process for his father. He differentiates his father from his mother and tehn integrates him into the social system.
  • In this way the number of ‘significant others’ increases for the child; and the child internalises the role of these others.
  • He puts himself in the role of the others and then responds to his own words and acts in terms of the meaning they would convey to the other person. In this way the self develops and grows. An essential characteristic of the self is its reflexive character.
  • By this Mead, George H. means that the self can be both subject and object to itself.
  • It can reflect upon itself, or in other words, it can be self conscious. Man can do so only through assuming the role of other persons and looking at himself through their eyes.
  • He learns to imagine now he appears to others and how do they judge this appearance.
  • Then he reacts himself to this judgment as he imagines it. Thus by adopting towards himself the attitude that others take towards him, he comes to treat himself as an object as well as subject.

The correct answer is participant observation method.

Key PointsEthnographic research 

• Ethnographic research is a qualitative research approach that involves observing variables in their natural environments or habitats in order to arrive at objective research outcomes.
• As the name suggests, ethnographic research has its roots in ethnography which is the in-depth study of people, cultures, habits and mutual differences. 
• This type of systematic investigation interacts continuously with the variables and depends, almost entirely, on the data gathered from the observation of the research variables.
• Ethnographic research is sometimes referred to as a thick description because of its in-depth observation and description of the subjects.
• In recent times, ethnography has been adopted to the internet in the form of netnography.
• This means that researchers can now study how online communities interact in order to identify social communication patterns. 
• There are several types of ethnographic research, namely; business, educational and medical ethnographic research.
  • All based on different fields of human endeavor and each type is defined by specific characteristics.
  • Ethnographic research is a multi-dimensional research design that can be adapted to different fields including business, medicine, education, and psychology. 

The correct answer is Action.

Key PointsSociology and Social action

• Sociology is a science which attempts the interpretive understanding of social action to arrive at a casual explanation of its course and effects.
• Sociology seeks to formulate type concepts and generalized uniformities of empirical processes. (History, on the other hand, is interested in the causal analysis of particular events, actions or personalities.)
• Action is human behavior to which the acting individual attaches subjective meaning. It can be overt or inward and subjective. Action is social when, by virtue of the subjective meaning attached to it by the acting individual(s), it takes account of the behavior of others and is thereby guided. Social action may be oriented to past, present, or predicted future behavior of others. Others may be concrete people or indefinite pluralities.
• Not all action is social: if it ain't oriented to the behavior of others, it ain't social. Also, it is not merely action participated in by a bunch of people (crowd action) or action influenced by or imitative of others. Action can be causally determined by the behavior of others, while still not necessarily being meaningfully determined by the action of others. If I do what you do because it's fashionable, or traditional, or leads to social distinction, its meaningful. Obviously the lines are blurred , but it's important to make a conceptional distinction.
• Modes of Orientation of social action:
  • Uniformity of social action = action which is wide-spread, frequently repeated by the same individual or simultaneously performed by many individuals and which corresponds to a subjective meaning attributable to the same actors.
  • Usage: probability of a uniformity in the orientation of social action, when the probability is determined by its actual practice ('it is done to conform with the pattern).
  • Custom: usage when the actual performance of the action rests on long familiarity. Non- conformance is sanctioned externally.
  • Action can also be uniform if the actor acts in his self-interests. The uniformity rests insofar as behavior is determined by purely rational actions of actors to similar ulterior expectations.
• Types of Social Action, identified by mode of orientation:
  •  rational orientation to a system of discrete individual ends. individuals can choose and adjudicate between both means and ends, though these considerations may be with reference to other absolute values.
  •  rational orientation to an absolute value, involving conscious belief in the absolute value entirely for its own sake and independent of prospects for external success. Can choose b/t means, but only with relation to absolute, fixed end. Absolute values are always irrational.
  •  affectional orientation. If this is uncontrolled reaction to some exceptional stimulus, it is not meaningful -- grey areas.
  • traditional orientation. If this is strict imitation, it is not meaningful -- grey areas.

The correct answer is action.

Key Points

• A social system is defined in sociology as the patterned web of connections between people, groups, and institutions that together form a coherent whole.
• In a small, stable group, a formal hierarchy of roles and rank can develop.
• A person may simultaneously be a member of several different social systems, such as nuclear families, communities, cities, countries, college campuses, businesses, and industries.
• A systematic theory of social systems was first developed by Talcott Parsons as part of his AGIL paradigm.
• A social system, according to him, is only a component (or "subsystem") of action theory. Hence option 2) is correct.
• Parsons categorised social systems into action units, where each action is one unit.
• A social system, according to him, is a web of interactions between actors.
• According to Parsons, social systems rely on a system of language, and culture must exist in a society in order for it to qualify as a social system.
• Parsons' work laid the foundations for the rest of the study of social systems theory and ignited the debate over what framework social systems should be built around, such as actions, communication, or other relationships.

The correct answer is to abolish child marriage

Key Points

• The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929, passed on 28 September 1929, in the Imperial Legislative Council of India, fixed the age of marriage for girls at 14 years and boys at 18 years.
• In 1949, after India's independence, it was amended to 15 for girls, and in 1978 to 18 for girls and 21 for boys.
• It is popularly known as the Sarda Act, after its sponsor Harbilas Sharda.
• It came into effect six months later on 1 April 1930 and applied to all of British India.
• It was a result of the social reform movement in India.
• In the Indian parliament, a number of legislation addressing the age of consent were introduced but failed.
• The Central Legislative Assembly heard Rai Sahib Harbilas Sharda's Hindu Child Marriage Bill in 1927.
• The Government referred the Age of Consent Bill to a Select Committee known as the Age of Consent Committee headed by Sir Moropant Visavanath Joshi, the Home Member of Central Provinces, in response to pressure from the international community, Indian social reformists, and Nationalist freedom fighters. 1929" id="MathJax-Element-6-Frame" role="presentation" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); display: inline; line-height: 49px; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0">1

• The correct answer is Wester Marck

Key Points

• According to Westermarck, the nuclear family, as prefigured among the anthropoid apes, was the first and universal unit from which society developed. Marriage is rooted in the family rather than the family in marriage. Hence option 4) is correct.
• In his book The History of Human Marriage (1891) Westermarck criticized the then current theories of primitive promiscuity and ancient group-marriage.
• He rejected the hypothesis that primitive man lived in promiscuity and believed instead that monogamy was the original form of marriage.
• The family is necessary for the survival of certain species because of the need for parental protection.
• The male stays with the female and the young to take care of them, and this is the result of instincts acquired through the process of natural selection.
• Instead of the marriage being based in the family, it is the other way around.
• Because of instincts developed through the process of natural selection, the male stays with the female and the young to take care of them.

The correct answer is Bride's father to groom.

Key Points

• Dowry means any property or valuable security given or agreed to be given by the bride to the groom or by the parents of either the bride or the groom or by any other person at or before or any time after marriage.
• Giving, Taking, demanding or even advertising for dowry is an offense.
• Any person who takes or gives dowry at his or her son's or daughter's or relatives wedding, commits an offence.
• If any dowry has been received by any party the law provides that the dowry shall be for the benefit of the wife and be transferred to her or her heirs
• Punishments for giving or taking dowry is:
  • Imprisonment for not less than 5 years and Rs.15, 000 fine at least If the dowry amount is more than Rs.15, 000, then amount of fine will be equal to the amount of dowry.
  • Section 498A of IPC deals with the offence of cruelty.

The correct answer is The law of demand and supply.

Key Points

• Supply and demand, in economic, relationship between the quantity of a commodity that producers wish to sell at various prices and the quantity that consumers wish to buy.
• It is the main model of price determination used in economic theory.
• The price of a commodity is determined by the interaction of supply and demand in a market. Hence option 3) is correct.
• The resulting price is referred to as the equilibrium price and represents an agreement between producers and consumers of the good.
• In equilibrium the quantity of a good supplied by producers equals the quantity demanded by consumers.
• Supply and demand are equated in a free market through the price mechanism.
• If buyers wish to purchase more of a good than is available at the prevailing price, they will tend to bid the price up.
• If they wish to purchase less than is available at the prevailing price, suppliers will bid prices down.
• The price mechanism thus determines what quantities of goods are to be produced.
• The price mechanism also determines which goods are to be produced, how the goods are to be produced, and who will get the goods—i.e., how the goods will be distributed. 
• In each case, an increase in demand will lead to the price being bid up, which will induce producers to supply more; a decrease in demand will lead to the price being bid down, which will induce producers to supply less.

The correct answer is Emigration.

Key Pointsa 

• India has experienced rapid population increase since gaining its freedom.
• Here are a few potential causes for the population's dramatic increase-
  • Widening Gap between Birth and Death Rates: Birth rate refers to the number of births per 1000 people per year.
    • For the purpose of maintaining population stability, the fertility rate (number of children per couple) depends on the birth rate.
  • Immigration: It is the process through which individuals become permanent residents or citizens of another country.
    • The constant influx of refugees into India has greatly increased the population.
    • In 1947, when India and Pakistan were divided, more than 1 crore refugees fled to India. When China was attacked in 1962, a sizable number of Tibetan refugees fled to India.
    • Similar to this, more than 1 crore Bangladeshi immigrants entered India in 1971, and this issue is still present today. In addition to this, Nepalis continue to arrive continuously.
    • As a result of the Tamil crisis in Sri Lanka, more than 5 lakh Tamil refugees have arrived in India. 
  • Illiteracy and Unawareness.
  • Poverty
• Emigration: Emigration is the act of relocating away from one's native country or place of residence (to permanently leave a country). So it will lead to a decrease in the population of India. Hence option 4) is correct.
  • In contrast, immigration refers to the transfer of individuals from one country to another (to permanently move to a country).
  • A migrant leaves their home nation and moves to their adopted one.
  • Emigration and immigration thus both describe migration, but from the perspectives of various nations.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• Occupational theory of caste was entrenched by Nesfied.
• This theory recognized connection between the caste on one hand and occupation on another hand.
• Theory also make distinction between the different occupation depending upon accompanying idea of purity and impurity.
• Nesfied said that “occupation and occupation alone is responsible for the origin of the caste system”.

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• Total fertility rate (TFR) in simple terms refers to the total number of children born or likely to be born to a woman in her lifetime if she were subject to the prevailing rate of age-specific fertility in the population. 
• TFR of about 2.1 children per woman is called Replacement-level fertility.
• TFR lower than 2.1 children per woman — indicates that a generation is not producing enough children to replace itself, eventually leading to an outright reduction in population.
•  It is calculated by totalling the age-specific fertility rates as defined over five-year intervals.
• Assuming no net migration and unchanged mortality, a total fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman ensures a broadly stable population. 
• Together with mortality and migration, fertility is an element of population growth, reflecting both the causes and effects of economic and social developments.
• According to the United Nations Population Division, a TFR of about 2.1 children per woman is called replacement-level fertility.
• If replacement level fertility is sustained over a sufficiently long period, each generation will exactly replace itself.
• Reasons for demographic transition:
  • Introduction of initiatives like contraception.
  • Government health and family welfare schemes.
  • Special emphasis on education of the girl child.
  • Exponential growth of institutional births.
  • Overall improvement in health and nutrition.

The correct answer is Territorial stabilization of kin groups.

Key Points

• Kinship system refers to a set of persons recognized as relatives either by virtue of a blood relationship or by virtue of a marriage relationship.
• According to the Dictionary of Anthropology,the kinship system includes society-recognized relationships based on supposed as well actual genealogical ties.
• These relationships are the result of social interaction and are recognized by society.
• Kinship system represents one of the basic social institutions.
• Kinship is universal and in most societies plays a significant role in the socialisation of individuals and the maintenance of group solidarity, It is supremely important in the primitive societies and extends its influence on almost all their activities – social, economic, political, religious, etc.
• Kinship can involve a relationship between two people unrelated by lineage or marriage, according to David Murray Schneider, who was a professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago who was well known in academic circles for his studies of kinship.
• Kinship is important to a person and a community's well-being.
• Because different societies define kinship differently, they also set the rules governing kinship, which are sometimes legally defined and sometimes implied. 
• Kinship also covers social connections, it has a wider role in society.
• ​Maintains unity, harmony, and cooperation among relationships.
• Sets guidelines for communication and interactions among people
• Types of Kinship
  • ​Affinal Kinship
  • Consanguineous Kinship​ 
  • social

The correct answer is SON.

Key Points

• Ascribed status is a term used in sociology that refers to the social status of a person that is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life.Hence option 3 is correct.
• The status is a position that is neither earned by the person nor chosen for them.
• Rather, the ascribed status is assigned based on social and cultural expectations, norms, and standards.
• These positions are occupied regardless of efforts or desire.
• These rigid social designators remain fixed throughout an individual's life and are inseparable from the positive or negative stereotypes that are linked with one's ascribed statuses.
• Individuals have control over their achieved statuses insofar as there are no restrictions associated with their ascribed statuses that could potentially hinder their social growth.
• Ascribed status plays an important role in societies because it can provide the members with a defined and unified identity.
• Ascribed status refers to elements of identity that someone is born into or that they are given involuntarily.
• An ascribed status definition is rarely given without a mention of Ralph Linton.
• Linton was an archaeologist and anthropologist who lived from 1893 to 1953. 
• The Study of Man, one of his most famous and influential published works, helped to formalize the terms "role" and "status" into their current usage in the fields of sociology, psychology, and anthropology.
• He defines role as specific behaviors and norms associated with a status. ​

the correct answer is M. Ginsberg.

Key Points

• Ginsberg primarily argued against Mario Novaro's criticisms of Malebranche's theory of occasionalism in his thesis on Malebranche, stating that Novaro "completely disregarded the key causality distinction between Malebranche and Hume.
• Malebranche doesn't actually dispute the existence of a causal relationship and said "social structure as the complexity of the principal groups and institutions which constitute societies". Hence option 4) is correct.
• The promotion of a liberal mindset as a desirable trait was another recurring theme in his writing.
• He compared this to "totalitarianism," irrationality, and fanaticism. He advocated for reason, composure, thought, and judgmental restraint.
• He had an essentially Apollonian attitude to solving issues, and despite knowing the nature and power of the Dionysian temperament, he mistrusted it.
• The liberal mind is characterized used by an abhorrence of fanaticism, a greater readiness to count the cost in terms of human happiness and human lives, and a more profound awareness of the effects of violence, both on those who employ it and those who suffer it, as he stated ("The Idea of Progress" 1953 pp. 72-73)

The correct answer is Anti-realism

Key Points

• The theory and practice of interpretation, particularly as it relates to the interpretation of philosophical, religious, and wise texts, is known as hermeneutics.
• Hermeneutics encompasses the art of comprehension and communication in addition to the interpretative concepts or techniques employed when instant comprehension is insufficient.
• Verbal and nonverbal communication, as well as semiotics, presuppositions, and pre-understandings, are all included in contemporary hermeneutics.
• The humanities have extensively used hermeneutics, particularly in the fields of law, history, and theology.
• Hermeneutics was initially used to interpret, or exegete, the Bible, but it has now been expanded to include concerns of general interpretation.
• Sometimes, the terms hermeneutics and exegesis are used synonymously.
• Writing, speaking, and nonverbal communication are all included in the larger study of hermeneutics.
• Exegesis largely concentrates on the word choice and grammar of texts.
• As a count noun used in the singular, "hermeneutic" designates a certain approach to interpretation (see, in contrast, double hermeneutic).

The correct answer is Comparative method.

Key Points

• According to Durkheim, the comparison technique is the sole other option for testing sociological hypotheses. Hence option 4) is correct.
• Social facts, as articulated and defined by Durkheim, could not be manufactured or artificially altered to conform to anything resembling controlled experimental circumstances.
• Only within the confines of some properly designed technique was it able to combine them in the manner in which they have spontaneously been formed and compare and contrast them.
• Following are Durkheim's guidelines for establishing proofs:
  • The process of evaluating theories through experiments is essential.
  • The only alternative to the experiment that sociology has is the comparison technique.
  • The "concomitant variations" method is the foundation for the strictest articulation of the comparative method.
  •  To build laws—to establish observable "regularities of connection"—is to establish consistent concomitants.
  •  After that, by drawing inferences, formulating more specific hypotheses, and making additional comparisons, the causal relationships underlying this concomitance can be further studied.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• According to Emile Durkheim, the term suicide is applied to all cases of death derived directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim, which he/she sense will produce this result.
• Durkheim identifies four different types of suicide which are egoistic suicide, anomic suicide and fatalistic suicide.
• Egoistic suicide, Altruistic suicide, is seen as restraining from the absence of social integration.
• It is committed by individuals who are social stray and see themselves as being alone or an outsider.
• These individuals are inadequate to find their own place in society and have problems adapted to groups.
• They attain little and no social care.
• Suicide is seen as a solution for them to free themselves from seclusion or excessive individuation.

The correct answer is Me.

Key Points

• The terms "I" and "me" are crucial to George Herbert Mead's social philosophy, which served as one of the major influences on the growth of the subfield of sociology known as symbolic interactionism.
• The terms refer to an individual's psychology, where, in Mead's view, the "me" denotes the socialized element of the person and the "I" denotes the active aspect. Hence option 2) is correct.
• Mead's "I" and "me," correspondingly, might be meaningfully compared to Sartre's "option" and "the situation."
• However, Mead himself compared the "I" and the "me" to Freud's "censor" and "ego," which is psychologically appropriate.
• At the same time, "the "Me" disciplines the "I" by preventing it from violating communal law."
• Thus, it closely resembles how a man's ego-censor, or conscience, according to Freud, "arose from the critical influence of his parents (conveyed to him through the medium of voice), to whom were added, over time, those who trained and taught him, as well as the innumerable and indefinable host of all the other people in his environment—his fellow-men—and public opinion."
• In one's own organism, it is "the other's attitude as regulating the item that he is going to accomplish."

The correct answer is all of the above.

Key Points

• Socialization is the lifelong process through which people learn the values and norms of a given society. 
• Socialization is not the same as socializing.
• Socializing is to mix socially with others (i.e., family, friends, neighbours, coworkers), whereas socialization is a process that may include socializing as one element, but is a complex, multi-faceted, and formative set of interactive experiences.
• It is also an adaptive lifelong learning experience, because society is constantly changing, and because we may find ourselves in new situations—such as new job with different norms and values, or in a different familial role—such as that of a parent or caregiver to an older relative.
• FEATURES OF SOCIALISATION
  • When there is a conflict between the ideas, examples and skills transmitted in-home and those transmitted by school or peers, the socialisation of the individual tends to be slower and ineffective.
  • Formal socialisation takes through direct instruction and education in schools and colleges.
  • Family is, however, the primary and the most influential source of education. Children learn their language, customs, norms and values in the family.
  • Society perpetuates itself through the nternalisation of culture. 
• ASPECTS OF SOCIALISATION  
  • We can distinguish three major aspects of socialization:
  • The context in which it occurs.
  • The actual content and processes people use to socialize with others.
  • The results arising from those contexts and processes

The correct ans is Supernatural.

Key Points

• Something that is sacred is believed to be holy and to have a special connection with God.
• Supernatural comes from the Latin word supernatural, meaning beyond nature.
• The adjective form of supernatural describes anything that pertains to or is caused by something that can't be explained by the laws of nature.
• It's interesting to ask your friends what kind of supernatural power they would choose to have.
• Most will probably wish for the ability to fly, though some will pick the supernatural power of being invisible.
• The power, being, or dimension that religious people understand to be at the centre of reality and to have a transformational impact on their lives and destinies is referred to be sacred.
• Other names for this realm have included holy, divine, transcendent, ultimate being (or ultimate reality), mystery, and perfection (or purity).
• Another crucial technical term in the scholarly investigation and interpretation of religions is "Sacred."

The correct answer is Max Weber.

Key Points

• Max weber was born on April 21, 1864.
• Famous for his thesis that the “Protestant ethic” (the supposedly Protestant values of hard work, thrift, efficiency, and orderliness) contributed to the economic success of protestant groups in the early stages of European capitalism.
• Weber’s wide-ranging contributions gave critical impetus to the birth of new academic disciplines such as sociology as well as to the significant reorientation in law, economics, political science, and religious studies.
• His methodological writings were instrumental in establishing the self-identity of modern social science as a distinct field of inquiry; he still claimed as the source of inspiration by empirical positivists and their hermeneutic detractors alike. 
• More substantively, Weber’s two most celebrated contributions were the “rationalization thesis” a grand meta-historical analysis of the dominance of the west in modern times, and the “Protestant Ethic thesis" a non-Marxist genealogy of modern capitalism.
• Max Weber's concept of the iron cage is even more relevant today than when he first wrote about it in 1905.
• Simply put, Weber suggests that the technological and economic relationships that organized and grew out of capitalist production became themselves fundamental forces in society. 
• Thus, if you are born into a society organized this way, with he labour division and hierarchical social structure that comes with it, you can't help but live within this system.​

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The conformity and deviance treated as two ends of the same scale by Merton.
• Conformity and deviance are two reactions to real or imagined pressures from others.
• Conformity means going along one's peers- solitarily of a person's own status.
• Deviance is a behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations or social norms of a group or society.
• Conformity, the process whereby people change their beliefs, attitudes, actions, or sapience to more closely match those held by groups to which they belong or want to belong or by groups whose compliances they desire.
• Conformity has important social implications and recommence to be actively researched.

The correct answer is Rajbali Pandey.

Key Points

• RajBali Pandey was an Indian writer and author who authored several books on the Socio-Religious study of the Hindu sacraments and Vedas.
• He got an appointment in Banaras Hindu University in 1936.
• He got promoted as Reader by the then Vice Chancellor Dr.S Radhakrishnan.
• He was appointed as Head & Principal, College of Indology (Bharati Mahavidyalaya) in 1952.
• One of his famous Publications is Hinhu Sanskar. Hence option 1) is correct
• Sixteen Sanskars​ 
  • ​Garbhadhaan 
  • Punsavan 
  • Simantonayan
  • Jatkarma
  • Naamkaran
  • Nishkramana 
  • Annprashan
  • Chaul
  • Vidyarambh
  • Karnavedh
  • Upnayan
  • Vedarambha
  • Keshani Samskar
  • Samavartan
  • Vivah
  • Antyesthi

The correct answer is W.L. Warner.

Key Points

•  William Lloyd Warner, (born Oct. 26, 1898 )influential American sociologist and anthropologist who was noted for his studies on class structure.
• Warner studied at the University of California at Berkeley, majoring in anthropology.
• He began to do research on the social life of communities in New England, This brought about his definition of three social classes: lower, middle, and upper, with each of these classes further divided into upper and lower. Thus option 1) is correct.
• His discoveries are presented in many publications, including Democracy in Jonesville (1949), study equality and inequality, and Social Class in America (1949), which is a manual of procedures for the measurement of social study.
• His fundamental conclusions are presented in American Life: Dream and Reality, written in 1953 and revised in 1962. 
• He also did an anthropological study on Australian Aboriginal people, whose social organization and religion are analyzed in A Black Civilization (1958). 
• The Living and the Dead, a study of the symbolic behavior of Americans and considered one of his most important works, was published in 1959.
• The Emergent American Society, which he edited, was published in 1967.
• Warner’s studies of the social class systems within American society became a model for administrators of governmental and institutional programs.
• He attempted to comprehend the complexities of social stratification as well as economic institutions and human traditions.
• The term class first came into wide use in the early 19th century, replacing such terms as rank and order as descriptions of the major hierarchical groupings in society​

The correct answer is Juvenile delinquency.

Key Points

• Juvenile delinquency refers to the antisocial or criminal activity of a child (below 16 years of age for boys and 18 years for girls) which violates the law.
• In true context, that same activity would have been a crime if it was committed by an adult.
• Adolescent misconduct is likewise used to allude to youngsters who display constant conduct of underhandedness or noncompliance, in order to be considered out of parental control, getting to be plainly subject to legitimate activity by the court framework.
• Juvenile delinquency is also known as “juvenile offending,” and each state has a separate legal system in place to deal with juveniles who break the law.
• There are two principal sorts of guilty parties: rehash wrongdoers and age particular guilty parties.
• In the case of Gopinath Ghosh v. State of West Bengal, the accused had given his age as much above the cut-off age prescribed for being a child.
  • However, in this case, the court not only allowed the plea of child status to be raised for the first time but also referred the matter to the sessions judge for a determination of the age of the accused.
  • Approving this approach, the Supreme Court in Rajinder Chandra v State of Chhattisgarh, further laid down that the standard of proof for age determination is the degree of probability and not proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
• A ‘delinquent’ is an individual who has committed a criminal offence.
• Delinquency therefore encompasses an enormous range of behaviours which are subject to legislation differing from one jurisdiction to another, and are subject to changes in law over time.
• Whereas acts of theft and serious interpersonal violence are commonly considered to constitute criminal offences, other acts including alcohol consumption and sexual behaviour in young people are tolerated to very differing degrees across the world.

The correct answer is White collar Crime.

Key Points

• White-collar crime is a nonviolent crime committed for financial gain.
• According to the FBI, a key agency that investigates these offenses, "these crimes are characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust."
• The motivation for these crimes is "to obtain or avoid losing money, property, or services or to secure a personal or business advantage."
• White-collar crime has been associated with the educated and affluent ever since the term was first coined in 1949 by sociologist Edwin Sutherland, who defined it as "crime committed by a person of respectability and high status in the course of his occupation."
• In the decades since, the range of white-collar crimes has vastly expanded as new technology products and arrangements have inspired a host of new offenses.
• Some definitions of white-collar crime consider only offenses undertaken by an individual to benefit self.
• But the FBI, for one, defines these crimes as including large-scale fraud perpetrated by many throughout a corporate or government institution.
• In fact, the agency names corporate crime as among its highest enforcement priorities.
• That's because it not only brings "significant financial losses to investors," but "has the potential to cause immeasurable damage to the U.S. economy and investor confidence." 
• Examples of white-collar crimes include securities fraud, embezzlement,  and money laundering.​

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• In criminology, distinctive association is a theory enhanced by Edwin Sutherland (1883–1950) proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior. 
• Edwin Sutherland examined as one of the most influential criminologists of the 20th century. He was a sociologist of the illustrative interactionist school of thought and is best known for describing
  • white-collar crime
  • distinctive association—a general theory of crime and delinquency.
• Distinctive Association Theory
  • This theory anticipates that an individual will choose the criminal path when the equilibrium of definitions for law-breaking transcends those for law-abiding.