Biology Test-4

The membrane around the vacuole is known as tonoplast.

The tonoplast is the cytoplasmic membrane surrounding a vacuole, separating the vacuolar contents from the cell's cytoplasm. It is also known as vacuolar membrane. The cytoplasmic membrane surrounding the vacuole, separating the vacuolar contents from the cytoplasm in a cell. As a membrane, it is mainly involved in regulating the movements of ions around the cell, and isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell.

Human insulin is produced from genetically engineered E.coli. By using genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology, insulin-producing genes from human beings have been transferred into E.coli. bacteria, which produced insulin called 'humulin' for clinical use.

Flippers of penguins and dolphins are examples of convergent evolution.

In evolution the mentioned example of flippers of penguins and dolphins are analogous evolution. Analogous evolution refers to the similarity in function but superficial resemblance of structures in simple words, different morphological characteristics. Both the organ- flippers show the same function helping in swimming but the organisms are totally different in appearance from each other. This is known as convergent evolution.

Many converging developments in plants are known, such as the continued development of photosynthesis, flesh fruits dispersal of seeds that are suitable for animal consumption and carnivory. There are several examples of convergent evolution like- wings of a fly, a moth, bird because they developed independently as adaptations to a common function- flying.

Convergent evolution is when two species with different ancestral origins develop similar characteristics. They both have common ancestry. In total there are three types of evolution- convergent, divergent and parallel.

The unpaired facial bone is vomer.

The facial bones include 14 bones, with six paired bones and two unpaired bones. The paired bones are the maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, and inferior nasal conchae bones. The unpaired bones are the vomer and mandible bones.

The spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa by the process called spermiogenesis.

Spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa by Spermiogenesis. It is a process by which haploid spermatids undergoes a series of stages to become mature spermatozoa capable of motility.

All of the living organisms are made up of cells. Cells can give rise to new cells by cell division. Each cell has a particular life span. Cells possess machinery, enzymes to form living protoplasm from non-living materials.

For example, plant cells take up CO₂and O₂​ from the environment and make food in the presence of sunlight. Animal cells break down or oxidize glucose and form ATP.

Such ATPs are used as energy currency in cell and various processes of cell formation organelle are carried out.

The intestine absorbs the digested food materials. Columnar epithelium cells are responsible for absorption.

• The columnar epithelium is located in the digestive tract in the stomach, large intestine, small intestine, and functions as a barrier to bacteria and other microbes but permits the absorption of digested food.
• Stratified squamous epithelium cells are present in parts of the body where constant abrasion takes place, e.g. the outer layer of skin, the inner lining of the mouth, oesophagus, and vagina.
• Spindle fibers are protein structures that arise from centrioles in a cell during mitosis (functions in a separation of chromatids during cell division).
• Cuboidal epithelium is located in kidney tubules, glandular ducts, ovaries, and the thyroid gland (functions in protection, secretion, and absorption.

Cyclosporin A, used as an immunosuppressive agent is obtained fromTrichoderma polysporum.

Cyclosporin A is one of the mostly used drugs that are easily produced from a biological organism such as fungi. Cyclosporin A is produced by fermentation of aerobic fungi called as Trichoderma polysporum.

A physiological xerophyte is Salicornia.

Physiological xerophytes (helophytes) are plants which grow in salty soil. Although they have abundant amount of water but due to presence of high salt concentration they cannot use it. Salicornia is a physiological xerophyte. It grows in saline marsh.

ANDi was the 1st genetically modified monkey.

A transgenic animal is one whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species or breed. Transgenic animals have had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into their genome. Such animals are most commonly created by the microinjection of DNA into the pronuclei of a fertilised egg which is subsequently implanted into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant surrogate mother resulting in the recipient animal giving birth to genetically modified offspring.

Transgenic animals can also be created by inserting DNA into embryonic stem cells which are then micro-injected into an embryo which has developed for five or six days after fertilisation or infecting an embryo with viruses that carry a DNA of interest.

In-plant mineral nutrition, elements are called macro or micro-elements depending upon their relative amount required in plants.

There are some nutrients that are required in large amounts, which are called macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur are macronutrients.

There are about seven nutrients essential to plant growth and health that are only needed in very small quantities/amounts. In plants, micronutrients are boron (B), chlorine (Cl), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn).

Thus, macro or micro-elements depends on the relative amount required in plants.

Ciliated epithelium is present in the trachea.

Ciliated columnar epithelial cells are rectangular in shape and have between 200 to 300 hair-like protrusions, called cilia. Cells are interconnected via desmosomes and tight junctions. Ciliated columnar epithelial cells are found mainly in the tracheal and bronchial regions of the pulmonary system and also in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system.

The blindness associated with the deficiency of vitamins can be prevented by the consumption of Golden rice.

Golden rice is a transgenic variety of rice which contain good qualities of β carotene (provitamin A – inactive state of vitamin A). β carotene is a principle source of vitamin A. Since the grain (seeds) of the rice are yellow in colour due to β carotene, the rice is commonly called as golden rice.