Biology Test - 40

The Golden Rice variety is rich inΒeta-carotene and ferritin.It is also known as Oryza sativa. It is developed to produce nutrient-dense staple crops which can reduce malnutrition in developing countries. It has been modified by using a gene from maize and a gene of bacteria that allows biosynthesis of beta-carotene in the rice.

ELISA stands for enzyme-linked immunoassay. It is a commonly used laboratory test to detect antibodies in the blood. An antibody is a protein produced by the body's immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens.

Sulphur contains amino acid methionine, zinc is important for auxin, chlorophyll contains magnesium and molybdenum take the help of nitrogenase.

The portion of apical meristem that gives rise to xylem tissue is called procambium.

The epidermis, primary xylem, primary phloem, pith and cortex are all produced by the apical meristem. The apical meristem after mitosis gives rise to three meristems. The secondary layer, which is made up of procambium gives rise to the primary xylem and primary phloem.

The construction of ribosomal subunits is accomplished byNucleolus.

The nucleolus is located inside of the eukaryotic nucleus. It is responsible for the creation of the ribosomal subunits, as well as the rRNA that will be incorporated into the ribosomes. Ribosomal subunits are synthesized in the nucleolus and exported to the cytoplasm, where they can be assembled into functional translation complexes.

Thefirst transgenic cowwas calledRosieand was produced in1997. It wasgenetically engineeredto producehuman protein-enriched milk. This milk contained2.4gms of humanα-lactalbumin per litre of milk. Normal cow milk does not contain this protein. Thus, themilk from the transgenic cow wasnutritionally more balanced for human babiesthan natural cow milk.

Transgenic animalsrefer to those that have had their genomes modified topossess and express a foreign gene.

Reasons for productionof transgenic animals:

1. Study of Physiology & Development-
   • Study of howgenes and theirregulationaffects the physiological functioning of the body.
   • Complex growth factors like insulin can be studied.
2. Study of Diseases-
   • Transgenic animals serve as model organisms for studying human diseases.
   • They help in understanding thedisease development processfrom genes.
   • They are also used forinvestigating new treatment methods.
   • Transgenic models exist for diseases like cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's.
3. Biological Products-
   • Many biological products that are essential for formulating medicines of use are often expensive.
   • These products can be obtained easily from transgenic animals.
   • This can be achieved by just introducing the gene responsible for the desired product into a suitable organism.
   • Example -Alpha-1 antitrypsinis a human protein that is required foremphysema treatment.
4. Vaccine Safety-
   • Transgenic mice can be used totest the safety of vaccinesbefore usingfor humans.
5. Toxicity Testing-
   • Transgenic animals can be made more sensitive to certain chemicals or drugs.
   • These animals areexposed totoxic substances and their effectsare then studied.

• Dolly: It was the first clonedsheep(1996). It was also the first mammal to be cloned.
• Cumulina:It was the first clonedmouse(1997).
• Noah:It was the first clonedgaur(2000), which died within 2 days. Gaur is an Indian bison that is listed as vulnerable in IUCN Red List.

A procedure in which whole blood or parts of blood are put into a patient’s bloodstream through a vein. The blood may be donated by another person or it may have been taken from the patient and stored until needed. Also called transfusion.

Although the risk for transfusion-transmitted HIV infection is extremely low in the United States, transfusion should be considered along with other possible sources of HIV infection in a patient who has no other HIV risk factors.

Lysosomes are not helpful in Lipogenesis.

Lysosomes are single membrane bound vesicles filled with hydrolytic enzymes. Lysosomes are most abundant in phagocytic cells like WBS, chondroclasts (which digest cartilage), osteoclasts (which digest bones). Their presence in chondroclasts cells helps in replacement of cartilage with bone during osteogenesis. The hydrolytic enzymes of lysosomes take part in solubilisation or digestion of materials obtained from outside through pinocytosis or phagocytosis. Lysosomes are useful in metamorphosis in eating away larval organs, removal of obstructions, intracellular scavenging, fertilization etc. They do not perform any biosynthetic activity, so, are not useful in lipogenesis.

Magnesium hydroxideis not recommended in patients with renal insufficiency or cardiac dysfunction.

Magnesium supplements can cause excessive accumulation of magnesium in the blood, especially with patients who have chronic kidney disease. Accumulation of magnesium in the blood can cause muscle weakness, but does not damage the kidney directly.

Sowing is not a method of vegetative propagation.

The most common forms of vegetative propagation are grafting, cutting, layering, tuber, bulb or stolon formation, suckering and tissue culture. Sowing is the process of planting. An area or object that has had seeds planted in it will be described as a sowed area.