Digestion & Absorption Test - 1

The dental formula gives half of the total number of teeth. This is doubled to determine the full number. Children have milk teeth that include 8 incisors, 4 canines and 8 molars (premolars are absent). Therefore, dental formula of milk teeth is 2120/2120 x 2 = 20.

Blood sugar level does not fall rapidly after hepatectomy because liver glycogen corners to glucose only when blood sugar level is as in case of emergency. It may eventually drop down.

Gastric glands are numerous, microscopic, simple tubular glands present in the well of the stomach. They have three common types of gland cells: (i) Peptic (= chief of tymogen) cells that are usally basal in location and secrete digestive enzymes pepsinogen and prorennin (proenzymes) and small amounts of gzuic arrepiasz and gastric lipase. (ii) Parietal (= oxyntic) cells secrete HCl and Castle's factor. (iii) Mucus (= Goblet) cells secrete mucus

The parietal cells of gastric glands secrete Pepsinogen (proenzyme) is converted into pepsin en (active form), in the presence of HCI. This entre on proteins in the stomach. Therefore, if the secret parietal cells is blocked, HCl acid will not be secreted thus inactive pepsinogen will not be converted into a pepsin. As a result, protein will not be hydrolyzed. proteoses and peptones,

Oxyntic (parietal) cells of gastric glands secrete which form the part of gastric juice. HCI makes the gastric juice between 2-3. Beta cells of islets of Large produce insulin that increases blood sugar level. 1672 cells present in the liver are phagocytic cells that czes worn out WBCs, RBCs and bacteria. Sweat gland's so Sweat that Evaporates for cooling.

The lining of intestine for outise to inside is made up of outermost serosea, muscularis consisting of outer longitudinal and inner circular muscle fiberes, submucosa and innermost mucosa.

Crypts of Lieberkuhn are glands found in the epithelial lining of the small intestine namely the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and also in the colon. 

The pancreas is a secretory structure with an internal hormonal role (endocrine) and an external digestive role (exocrine). It has two main ducts, the main pancreatic duct, and the accessory pancreatic duct. This drain enzymes through the ampulla of Vater into the duodenum. The suprarenal gland (adrenal gland) is located at the top of each kidney.

Gastric glands are the branched tubules in the inner lining of the stomach that secrete gastric juice and protective mucus.

The epithelium of gastric glands (present in stomach) consists of goblet cells that secrete mucus. Mucus forms a coating on the epithelial lining of the stomach and thus protects it from the action of HCl.

Glisson's capsule is the characteristic feature of mammalian liver. It is a thin connective tissue sheath that covers the lobules of liver.

In the submucosa of the duodenum, Brunner's glands are present that secrete mucus and an alkaline fluid that neutralises the acidic chyme leaving the stomach.

Goblet cells are a column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus. Lysozyme is a secretion mainly from exocrine glands that have the antibacterial ability. Saliva is secreted by three salivary glands among which one is the sublingual gland present underneath the tongue. Oxyntic cells in the stomach secret HCl to digest food and maintain an acidic pH for the enzymes to function properly. 

Thus, the correct answer is 'A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(iii).'

The pharynx serves as a common passage for food, fluids, and air. The epiglottis is a flexible flap at the superior end of the larynx in the throat. It acts as a switch between the larynx and the oesophagus. It permits air to enter the trachea and then into the lungs and food to pass into the gastrointestinal tract. If we talk while eating, the food may enter the trachea due to improper movement of the epiglottis. This leads to coughing. 

So, the correct answer is 'A' 'Epiglottis'

Dental formula is a representation of the dentition of an animal. A dental formula consists of eight numbers, four above and four below a horizontal line. The numbers represent (from left to right) the number of incisors, canines, premolars and molars in either half of the upper and lower jaws e.g., the dental formula of man is 2123/2123
Dental formula is used to represent heterodont teeth which are present in mammals only. It cannot be used to represent dentition of vertebrates other than mammals as they have homodont teeth.

The labeling parts are:
a- Oxyntic cell or parietal cells

b- Chief cells

c- Mucous cells

d- Argentaffin cells
So, the correct option is A.

All the four basic layers (serosa, muscularis, sub-mucosa and mucosa) in the wall of gut show modifications in different parts of the alimentary canal. E.g., mucosal epithelium has goblet cells which secrete mucus. Mucosa also forms glands in the stomach and crypts in between the bases of villi in the intestine.

A - Villi

B - Lacteal

C - Crypts

So, the correct answer is (c).

(A) Glisson's capsule is a connective tissue surrounding the liver (hepatic lobule) and encapsulating the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ducts within the liver.

(B) Crypts of Lieberkuhn present in the small intestine at the base of villi contain cells like paneth cell.

(C) Sphincter of Oddi is sphincter present at the one end of the Hepato-pancreatic duct.

(D) Cystic duct is the duct that connects the common bile duct with the Gall bladder

So, the correct answer is (a).

Each hepatic lobule of the liver is covered by a thin connective tissue sheath called the Glisson's capsule. So, the correct answer is (d).

A - Cystic duct

B - Common bile duct

C - Pancreatic duct

D - Hepato-pancreatic duct

So, the correct answer is (a).

The cystic duct from galll bladder and hepatic duct from liver join to form the common bile duct which further joins the main pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla that opens into the duodenum.

Serosa is the outermost layer of alimentary canal and is made up of a thin mesothelium th a t lies in close proximity to the longitudinal layer of muscularis.

Pancreas is the second largest digestive gland in our body. As an exocrine gland, it secretes pancreatic juice while as an endocrine gland, it secretes hormones insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.

• Gastric glands are present in the stomach in different locations.
• These glands can be found in the lining of the stomach.
• The lamina propia of the mucous layer is the site where gastric glands are found.
• Hence, the correct answer is Mucosa.

An intestinal gland also called Crypts of Lieberkuhn is a gland found in between villi in the intestinal epithelium lining of the small intestine and it secrets digestive enzyme.

So, option B is the correct option.

The worm-like structure attached to the caecum at the beginning of the large intestine known as vermiform appendix and it does not have any apparent digestive function. It is treated as a vestigial organ in humans.

So, option A is the correct option.