Neural Control and Coordination Test - 4

The eustachian tube is a canal that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, which consists of the upper throat and the back of the nasal cavity. It controls the pressure within the middle ear, making it equal with the air pressure outside the body.

The ear ossicles are three bones present in middle ear, they are among the smallest bones in the human body. They serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth (cochlea).
Arrangement of ear ossicles, starting from ear drum is the malleus, incus, and stapes, shapes resembles of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup respectively.
As sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane (eardrum), it in turn moves the nearest ossicle, the malleus, to which it is attached. The malleus then transmits the vibrations, via the incus, to the stapes, and so ultimately to the membrane of the fenestra ovalis, the opening to the vestibule of the inner ear. Hence option B is correct.

Endolymph is the fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. It is also called Scarpa's fluid, after Antonio Scarpa.

The inner ear has two parts: the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth is contained within the bony labyrinth, and within the membranous labyrinth is a fluid called endolymph. 

As the sound travels through the perilymph, it moves the endolymph in the cochlear duct. Movements of the endolymph move the tectorial membrane, which is attached to the sensory hairs of hair cells in the organ of Corti. The hair cells are attached to the basilar membrane, which also moves with the sound vibrations. The semicircular canals contain three main parts: the horizontal, posterior, and superior canals. Each of these canals provides a separate sense of directional balance. The superior canal detects head rotations on the anterior-posterior axis. The posterior canal detects rotations on the saggital plane. The horizontal canal senses movement on a vertical basis, as the head rotates up-and-down on the neck.

A cross section of the cochlea illustrating the organ of Corti. The organ of Corti, or spiral organ, is the receptor organ for hearing and is located in the mammalian cochlea. This highly varied strip of epithelial cells allows for transduction of auditory signals into nerve impulses' action potential.

The membranous labyrinth contains fluid called endolymph. The membranous labyrinth is also the location for the receptor cells found in the inner ear.

The areas that the rabbit can view through both eyes at the same time, such as forward and behind, is known as binocular vision. In the areas to the sides that the rabbit can only see through one eye at once, this is known as monocular vision.

The sacculus, or saccule, is a chamber of the inner ear from which the cochlea arises in reptiles, birds, and mammals. It has patches of sensory epithelium that are concerned with balance.

Membranous labyrinth are the groups of fluid-filled membranous sacs of the inner ear, that are associated with the senses of hearing and balance.

Ceruminous glands are specialized sudoriferous glands (sweat glands) located subcutaneously in the external auditory canal. Ceruminous glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands made up of an inner secretory layer of cells and an outer myoepithelial layer of cells. The glands drain into larger ducts, which then drain into the guard hairs that reside in the external auditory canal.

A central area known as the vestibule contains two small fluid-filled recesses, the utricle and saccule. These connect to the semicircular canals and the cochlea. There are three semicircular canals angled at right angles to each other which are responsible for dynamic balance.

The external consists of an external flap, and auditory canal and is commonly called as pinna. External ears are present in all mammals except monotremes , a feature that links them with birds. Many mammals can move the external ear by its own and associated muscles to capture the4 maximum amplitude of sound waves and to discriminate between different sources of sound.
13.(1836864) Thalamus is not the part of the hindbrain. 
Hindbrain is also called rhombencephalon, a region of the developing vertebrate brain is composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum.
It is a limbic system structure that connects areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and the spinal cord.

Mammalian ear develops during week 4 of embryonic development from the auditory placode, a thickening of the ectoderm which gives rise to the bipolar neurons of the cochlear and vestibular ganglions.

The endoderm lines the future auditory tube (eustachian tube), middle ear, mastoid antrum, and inner layer of the tympanic membrane.

The malleus, the incus and the stapes are the three ossicles of the middle ear. The malleus articulates with the incus through the Synovial hinge joint and is attached to the tympanic membrane (eardrum), from which vibrational sound pressure motion is passed. The incus is connected to both the other bones. The stapes articulates with the incus through ball and socket joint and is attached to the membrane of the fenestra ovalis (opening between the middle ear) and the vestibule of the inner ear.

Deiters cells are the cochlear supporting cells in the inner ear. Each outer hair cell is supported by a phalangeal cell of Deiters or supporting cell, which holds the base of the hair cell in a cup-shaped depression. From each Deiters cell, a projection extends upward to the stiff membrane, the reticular lamina, that covers the organ of Corti. 

The fenestra ovalis connects the tiny bones of the middle ear to the scala vestibuli, which is the upper part of the cochlea. The bone of the middle ear that actually connects to the fenestra ovalis is called the stirrup, or stapes.

Trachoma is a bacterial infection that affects your eyes. It's caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.