Chemical Coordination and Integration Test - 10

The triploblastic animals have three prominent germ layers known as ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Thymus gland develops from two hollow elongations (third and fourth pharyngeal pouches) of endoderm which descends to the embryonic thorax by the end of eight weeks of gestation. The lymphoid cells of the gland originate from mesoderm. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Addison's disease is caused due to hyposecretion of steroid hormones from adrenal glands. The steroid hormones are cortisol and aldosterone which are secreted from adrenal cortex.
Cretinism is the retarded mental and physical development due to hyposecretion of thyroid hormones.
Dwarfism is the retarded physical development due to hyposecretion of growth hormone during period of skeletal growth.
Sterility is the inability of an individual to produce offspring.
So, the correct answer is 'Addison's disease'.

Addison’s disease is caused by the presence of ineffective ACTH which in turn leads to the deficiency of aldosterone and cortisol hormones of the adrenal cortex. Excessive ACTH secretion by anterior pituitary results in hyperproduction of cortisol causing Cushing’s disease. Gull's disease is caused by hypothyroidism in adults and is characterized by lethargy, hair loss and weight gain. Oversecretion of thyroid hormones causes Graves’s disease which is characterized by the formation of the exopthalamic goiter. 

Adrenal zona glomerulosa secrete mineralocorticoids i. e. Aldosteron. Hypersecretion of these hormone causes increased in blood sodium levels.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are very similar neurotransmitters and hormones. While epinephrine has slightly more of an effect on your heart, norepinephrine has more of an effect on your blood vessels. Both play a role in your body's natural fight-or-flight response to stress and have important medical uses as well.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine together known as Catecholamine.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are two neurotransmitters that also serve as hormones , and they belong to a class of compounds known as Catecholamines. 

However, Epinephrines works on both alpha and beta receptors and norepinephrine only works on alpha receptors.

The adrenal medulla secretes 2 hormones - adrenalin and noradrenalin.
Adrenalin is also called as an emergency hormone. Adrenaline brings about increased heartbeat, the rate of respiration and dilation of pupils, thereby preparing the body to face an emergency situation. Adrenalin is also called as 3F hormone because it takes care of emergency functions of the body during fear, fight, and flight. Hence, the adrenal gland is also known as 3F gland.

The cells of the Zona Fasciculata secrete the glucocorticoids Cortisol and Corticosterone. These hormones regulate carbohydrate metabolism, particularly when an individual is in a time of stress (as part of the “fight-or-flight” response).

Pineal gland, known as epiphysis, is located on dorsal side of forebrain. It is a small, rounded, stalked and reddish brown gland that resembles a pine cone. It secretes melatonin and serotonin hormone. Melatonin regulates circadian rhythm of body, pigmentation, metabolism and defence capability. Serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter and regulates functions of many organs of body like memory, sleeping, learning etc

Hyperaldosteronism is a disease in which the adrenal gland(s) make too much aldosterone which leads to hypertension (high blood pressure) and low blood potassium levels.

The adrenal gland is known as 4S gland. 4S stands for the source of energy, sugar metabolism, salt retention and sex hormones. 

The adrenal glands, located at the top of each kidney, produce hormones that help the body control blood sugar, burn protein, and fat, react to stressors like a major illness or injury and regulate blood pressure. Two of the most important adrenal hormones are cortisol and aldosterone.

Adrenal gland is composed of 2 heterogeneous types of tissue. these tissues come from different embryological precursors. The CORTEX of adrenal gland is derived from MESODERM whereas the MEDULLA is derived from neural crest, that is ECTODERMAL in origin. So answer d is correct.

When the renal blood flow is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys convert the prorenin in the blood into renin and secrete into circulation. Plasma renin performs the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme. Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to constrict, resulting in increased blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the tubules of the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood. This increases the volume of fluid in the body, which also increases blood pressure.

Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Due to hypersecretion of adrenal hormone cushing s... moreyndrome occur.

Adrenaline is produced in the medulla of the adrenal gland. The overall effect of adrenaline is to prepare the body for the fight or flight response in times of stress, i.e., for vigorous sudden action. 

Key actions of adrenaline include increasing the heart rate, increasing blood pressure, expanding the air passages of the lungs, enlarging the pupil in the eye, redistributing blood to the muscles and altering the body's metabolism, so as to maximise blood glucose levels (primarily for the brain).
Progesterone allows the blastocyst for implanting and develop and protects against the expulsion of the developing pregnancy. Progesterone declines towards the time of delivery, leaving oestrogen to increase the uterine contractility.

So, the correct answer is option C.C.W

A T cell is a type of lymphocyte, which develops in the medulla region of the thymus gland (hence the name) and plays a central role in the immune response. T cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor on the cell surface. T cell differentiation continues even after they have left the thymus.

Thymectomy means removal of Thymus so in adult their is no effect on body..

During normal human sexual development the adrenal gland undergoes a maturational process, termed adrenarche, which results in increased adrenal secretion of androgens and estrogens. Adrenarche begins several years before the onset of gonadal maturation and correlates with the appearance of the adrenal reticular zone. In normal puberty, adrenarche and gonadarche (gonadal maturation) are closely linked, but in pathological situations adrenarche can occur without gonadarche, and gonadarche without adrenarche.

Middle lobe of pituitary secretes MSH(melanocyte stimulating hormone) that controls the synthesis of melanin granules in the chromatophores.