Chemical Coordination and Integration Test - 7

Glucagon is secreted from alpha cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas. It increases blood glucose level.

Insulin is secreted by islets of Langerhans of the pancreas and serves to lower the blood glucose level by stimulating the uptake of glucose by cells, specifically muscle cells, liver cells and adipose tissues cells. Liver cells convert glucose into glycogen and store it for future use. Thus, the correct answer is D.

Estrogens are produced primarily by the ovaries. They are released by the follicles on the ovaries and are also secreted by the corpus luteum after the egg has been released from the follicle and from the placenta. The stimulation for secretion of estrogen comes from the Luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary gland. The estrogen is synthesized in the theca interna cells in the ovary.

Androgens are synthesized from cholesterol and are produced primarily in the gonads (testicles and ovaries) and also in the adrenal glands. The testicles produce a much higher quantity than the ovaries. Conversion of testosterone to the more potent DHT occurs the prostate gland, liver, brain and skin.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
FSH initiates follicular growth and the secretion of estrogens by the growth follicles.
LH stimulates the further development of ovarian follicles and their full secretion of estrogens, brings about ovulation, promotes the formation of the corpus luteum and stimulates the production of estrogens, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin by the corpus luteum.

Pancreas are exocrine glands because they secrete products like  pancreatic juice into the gastrointestinal tract through a series of ducts. and they are Endocrine because hormones like insulin and glucagon direct into bloodstream.
Thus, Option D is correct.

He studied human insulin protein is composed of 51 amino acids and has a molecular mass of 5805 Da (Da is Dalton, unit of molar mass). It is a dimer of an A- chain and a B- chain, which is linked together by disulfide bonds. 
Banting best studied the chemical structure of insulin and was awarded the Nobel prize for the discovery of human insulin. 

The surplus glucose appears in urine and this condition is called as glycosuria when glycosuria is detected hyperglycemia is established, chronic disorder diabetes mellitus is indicated in this condition as much as 280millimoles/l of glucose is found in urine.

The alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans produce an opposing hormone, glucagon, which releases glucose from the liver and fatty acids from fat tissue. In turn, glucose and free fatty acids favour insulin release and inhibit glucagon release.

Insulin is a protein composed of two chains, an A chain (with 21 amino acids) and a B chain (with 30 amino acids), which are linked together by sulfur atoms. Insulin is derived from a 74-amino-acid prohormone molecule called proinsulin.

Ya,C is correct because after 6 weeks enough secretion of projestron, estrogens is started from placenta, so during this time if we cut the overt then it will be no effect on embryo.

Leydig cells, also known as interstitialcells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle. They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH).

The synthesis and secretion of estrogens is stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which is, in turn, controlled by the hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). High levels of estrogens suppress the release of GnRH (bar) providing a negative-feedback control of hormone levels.

FSH is primarily involved in stimulating the growth of ovarian follicles, while LH induces ovulation. At ovulation, the ovum or egg is released and the ruptured follicle is transformed into a corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone as its main product.

Bombykol is a pheromone released by the female silkworm moth to attract mates.

Stimulation of uterine contraction during childbirth is brought about by Oxytocin.

The two main actions of oxytocin in the body are contraction of the womb (uterus) during childbirth and lactation. Oxytocin stimulates the uterine muscles to contract and also increases production of prostaglandins, which increases the contractions further. Oxytocin is also present in men, playing a role in sperm movement and production of.testosterone by the testes.

Progesterone is one of the progesterone steroid hormones. It is secreted by the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine gland that the female body produces after ovulation during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation.

These cells release erythropoietin when the oxygen level is low in the kidney. Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells which in turn increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. EPO is the prime regulator of red cell production.

Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to impact the behavior of the receiving individuals. There are alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex pheromones, and many others that affect behavior or physiology.

Bombykol was first discovered by Adolf Butenandt in 1959, it was the first pheromone to be characterized chemically. Minute quantities of this pheromone can be used per acre of land to confuse male insects about the location of their female partners.

A pregnancy test is used to determine if a woman is pregnant. This is done by analysing a sample of a woman’s urine or blood for the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). HCG is a hormone produced by the placenta and is usually only present in a woman’s body when she is pregnant. A pregnancy test is usually performed when a health professional or a woman suspects she is pregnant, or before using clinical services which may interfere with a pregnancy. Pregnancy tests are also used for other, less common reasons, such as diagnosing abnormally progressing pregnancies and gestational trophoblastic disease (molar pregnancy).

Pheromones are categorized as releasers and primers. A releaser pheromone has an immediate effect on the behaviour of the recipient, whereas a primer pheromone affects the recipients physiology, producing an effect on behaviour after a period of time. The characteristics of a pheromone are determined by the pheromones function and the context in which it is used. To have an effect at a distance from the producer, the compound must be volatile, enabling it to be readily dispersed.

option ( c)  Glucose level of cells. 

Explanation :- 

Insulin is secreted by islets of Langerhans of the pancreas and serves to lower the blood glucose level by stimulating the uptake of glucose by cells, specifically muscle cells,liver cells and adipose tissue cells.So, the glucose  level of cells is increased.

Peptide hormones are proteinaceous in nature and mainly composed of amino acids. The amino acid structure of insulin was characterised in the early 1950s by Frederick Sanger. It is secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. It helps to maintain sugar level in the blood.
Thus, the correct answer is option B.

In humans, pheromones are secreted onto our skin through the apocrine glands (sometimes called as human scent glands). These are similar to eccrine glands but the apocrine glands secrete a more oily substance. The apocrine glands are normally associated with hairy areas, such as armpits and the crotch area, and are also usually accompanied by eccrine glands, which help to disperse the pheromone secretions. Apocrine glands are activated at puberty, along with hair growth in the axillary (armpit) regions and crotch, which increase the surface area for pheromone dispersal.
 

Glucagon and insulin is antagonistic hormone.

A pheromone is a chemical an animal produces, which changes the behavior of another animal of the same species (animals include insects). Pheromones invoke a specific response in other membranes like recognition, warning and attraction. Examples of sex pheromone is Bombykol (silkworm), Queen substance (honey bee), Civetone (cat), Muskkone (muskdeer); aggregation pheromones Geradiol (honey bee).

A pheromone is a chemical an animal produces, which changes the behavior of another animal of the same species (animals include insects). Pheromones invoke a specific response in other membranes like recognition, warning and attraction. Examples of sex pheromone is Bombykol (silkworm), Queen substance (honey bee), Civetone (cat), Muskkone (muskdeer); aggregation pheromones Geradiol (honey bee).

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a peptide hormone that is produced naturally by the human body. EPO is released from the kidneys and acts on the bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell production.

The hormones FSH and LH are together called as gonadotropin hormones. They are called the gonadotropins as they stimulate gonadal activity. The anterior pituitary (pars distalis) releases following gonadotrophic hormones:

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): In males, FSH regulates spermatogenesis (formation of sperms) and in females, FSH stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen hormone.

Luteinizing hormone (LH): In males, LH is also called ICSH (interstitial cell-stimulating hormone) which stimulates testes to synthesize and secrete androgens (testosterone). It activates Leydig cells of the testes to secrete testosterone. In females, LH stimulates the ovulation of the fully matured Graafian follicles and also maintains the corpus luteum, formed from the remnants of Graafian follicles after ovulation. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen under the action of LH.