Cell - The Unit of Life Test - 10

Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes found in plants, particularly in the fat storage tissues of germinating seeds and also in filamentous fungi. As in all peroxisomes, in glyoxysomes the fatty acids are hydrolyzed to acetyl-CoA by peroxisomal oxidation enzymes. Besides peroxisomal functions, glyoxysomes possess additionally the key enzymes of glyoxylate cycle which accomplish the glyoxylate cycle bypass. Thus, glyoxysomes contain enzymes that initiate the breakdown of fatty acids and additionally possess the enzymes to produce intermediate products for the synthesis of sugars by gluconeogenesis. The seedling uses these sugars synthesized from fats until it is mature enough to produce them by photosynthesis. Glyoxysomes also participate in photorespiration and nitrogen metabolism in root nodules.

Palade particles are ribosome.1955 George Palade discovered previously unknown organelles in the cell, as Palade particles where the cell's formation of proteins takes place. Later renamed ribosomes, and are now well known as the sites of protein synthesis. Hence, "Palade particles" are Ribosomes.

As the tomato ripens, its colour starts to change from green to yellow and then eventually to red. This is due to the breakdown of chlorophyll, which in turn synthesises a red carotenoid (another pigment group), lycopene. When ripe, the carotenoid can easily be seen as the dominant colour of the tomato.

DNA of chloroplast discovered by Ris and Plaut. Chloroplasts have their own circular DNA. It is also known as the plastome. Due to the presence of DNA and own protein-forming machinery, it is called as semiautonomous organelle.

Anthocyanins are present in cell sap. They are found in flowers, fruits, leaves, stems and root. They are also present in outer layers such as epidermis and peripheral mesophylls.

Dynein forms an integral part of cilia. It is a motor protein which converts the chemical energy contained in ATP into the mechanical energy of movement. Dynein transports various cellular cargo by "walking" along cytoskeletal microtubules towards the minus-end of the microtubule, which is usually oriented towards the cell center. 

Axonemal dynein causes sliding of microtubules in the axonemes of cilia and flagella and is found only in cells that have those structures. There are parallels between the sliding filaments of skeletal muscle myosin and the sliding microtubules of cilia. Both are powered by ATP. Both motors dynein in cilia, myosin in skeletal muscle are ATPases. Both are regulated by calcium ions.

RNA is most abundant substances of ribosomes. Ribosomes are composed of proteins and ribosomes RNA.

Centrosomes are structures found inside of cells. They are made from two centrioles. Centrioles are microtubule rings. The main purpose of a centrosome is to organize microtubules and provide structure for the cell, as well as work to pull chromatids apart during cell division. Centrosome is the area where the spindle fibers begin for form. The centrosome is necessary for mitosis because without centrosome, the spindle fibers would not form, therefore there will be nothing to pull the sister chromtids apart to opposite directions and mitosis would not happen properly.

A basal body or blepharoplast is an organelle formed from a centriole, and a short cylindrical array of microtubules. It is found at the base of a eukaryotic undulipodium and serves as a nucleation site for the growth of the axoneme microtubules. Centrioles, from which basal bodies are derived, act as anchoring sites for proteins that in turn anchor microtubules within centrosomes, and are known as the microtubule organizing center (MTOC). These microtubules provide structure and facilitate movement of vesicles and organelles within many eukaryotic cells. The term, basal body is, however, reserved specifically for the base structures of eukaryote cilia and flagella which extend out from the cell.

Pigment present in petals of tangetes is xanthophyll . And in petal of sunflower is anthrocyanin.

Rhizoplast is a fibril which is a connecting link between blepharoplast, with the nucleus in flagellated cells or organisms. It is a striated contractile structure attached to the basal region of the cilium in a variety of ciliates and flagellates. Many regulate the flagellar beat pattern, and is sensitive to calcium concentration. They are composed of a 20 kD protein, rather similar to spasmin. The ciliary rootlet or rhizoplast, is a cytoskeleton-like structure that originates from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium. It extends proximally toward the cell nucleus. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross stria distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm. 

So, the correct answer is option C

Centriole - The centrosome is made up of 2 centrioles which are right angled to each other and is composed of a protein known as tubulin.
It produces spindle apparatus at the time of cell division.
Each centriole has 9 peripheral groups of microtubules (triplet) with no central microtubules thus, this type of arrangement in centriole is called 9+0 pattern.

The non pigmented part of the chloroplast is the stroma. Lamellae of chloroplasts are known as thylakoids. A thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen. Chloroplast thylakoids frequently form stacks of disks referred to as grana. Grana are connected by intergranal or stroma thylakoids, which join granum stacks together as a single functional compartment. These stroma do not possess any pigment.

Chloroplast is an organelle which is present in plant cells and green algae and carries out photosynthesis that converts light energy to chemical energy. It contains a pigment called chlorophyll and hence is green in color. This organelle is exclusively present in plant cells. 
On the other hand, mitochondria are organelles present in both plant and animal cells and their primary function is to regulate cellular metabolism and cellular respiration to provide the organism with energy. 
Hence, the correct answer is 'Both are present in animal cells'.

Thylakoids are tiny compartments found inside of chloroplasts. Their role is to help absorb sunlight in order for photosynthesis to occur. They contain all of the chlorophyll that the plant has which, in turn, allows for the absorption of sunlight. This is why the thylakoid is the site of the light dependent portion of photosynthesis, which is the portion that requires sunlight.

A basal body (synonymous with basal granule, kinetosome and in older cytological literature with blepharoplast) is an organelle formed from a centriole, and a short cylindrical array of microtubules. It is found at the base of a eukaryotic undulipodium (cilium or flagellum) and serves as a nucleation site for the growth of the axoneme microtubules. Centrioles, from which basal bodies are derived, act as anchoring sites for proteins that in turn anchor microtubules within centrosomes, and are known as the microtubule organizing center (MTOC).

A mitochondrion is double membrane bound oval shaped organelle outer membrane and the inner membrane. But if the outer membrane is absent or less in mitochondria is called as mitoplast. It consists inner membrane and the matrix of a mitochondrion.

Mitoribosomes (mitochondrial ribosome) differ from the bacterial ribosomes.The sedimentation coefficient of bacterial ribosome is 70S, while mitoribosomes have a range of sedimentation coefficients.50S in kinetoplastids,55S in metazons,74S in fungi and 78S in higher plants.Thus, plant mitoribosomes have a coefficient very close to 80S cytosolic ribosomes.