Plant Kingdom Test 9

Gnetales is most advanced Gymnosperms and in this group exceptionally vessel present. And archegonia is absent. for example -gnetum,ephedra.

This grand Sequoia tree which is 250 ft in height with a diameter of around 16 ft and 9 inches is found in Big Basin Redwood State Park, California. Known to be more than 3000 years old this evergreen conifer is a giant redwood tree known as the "Father of the Forest" based on its trunk size circumference near the ground measuring 31.1 m or 102.6 ft.

Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

Zoodiogamy is a type of plant reproduction in which male gametes (antherozoids) swim in a path of water to a female gametes (archegonium) .It is found in lower gymnosperms .other gymnosperms use siphonogamy.

Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants that lack the combination of specialized features that characterize the flowering plants. The name gymnosperm, means naked seed.

Its ovary.......as ovary becomes fruit after fertilization..

Ovules consist of a nucellus and one or two integuments, with the nucellus being the megasporangium where meiosis takes place. One or more megaspores develop into a haploid female gametophyte, which eventually produces one or more egg cells.The integument is an integral part of the ovule throughout the spermatophytes.

Gymnosperms are heterosporous, producing two kinds of spores microspores and megaspores produced by separate sporangia. The two types of sporangia - microsporangia and megasporangia are found on special leaf like structures, called as sporophylls. The microsporangia represent the pollen sacs and the megasporangia represent the ovules. Microsporangia occur on microsporophylls (stamens) and megasporangia occur on megasporophylls (carpels). 
The sporophylls are usually aggregated to form structures called as cones or strobili. Male cones (with microsporophylls) and female cones (with megasporangia) occur separately.

Describe double fertilization and triple fusion in angiosperms. Answer: Double fertilization is the process in which two male gametes fuse with the female gamete and the secondary nucleus respectively to form the zygote and the endosperm. ... The endosperm functions in providing nourishment to the developing embryo.

Gymnosperm as well as angiosperm both produces seed through the fertilization and modification of ovule.

The gymnosperms do not have petals or flowers, but they do produce seeds. The name 'Gymnosperm' means, 'naked seeds' and refers to the fact that the gymnosperms bears their seeds on the margins of modified leaves or cones. 
There are no sealed carpels, like those the define angiosperms. Although gymnosperms do have ovules, they do not have ovaries, pistils or stamens. Since the term 'fruit' refers to the mature ovary, gymnosperms do not in botanical usage have 'fruit' and the reproductive stages are referred to as cones. 

Angiosperms are also called as flowering plants. Seeds of angiosperms are enclosed in the ovary (usually a fruit). Gymnosperms do not have flowers or fruits. In gymnosperms, the ovules are not enclosed in an ovary. They lie exposed on the leaf-like structures called as the megasporophylls. A long time span separates pollination and fertilization, and the ovules begin to develop into seeds long before fertilization has been accomplished; in some cases, in fact, fertilization does not occur until the ovules (seeds) have been shed from the tree.

Spermatophyta subdivided into gymnosperms and angiosperm. and in both of them sporophyte is dominant. and gametophyte is embedded on sporophyte.

Archegonia are multicellular organs found during the gametophytic phase of the plants and contains ovum. With a long neck canal or venter and a swollen base these are either found on the surface of the plant or are embedded. However, in case of Angiosperms, there is no archegonia and the megagametophyte is reduced to just a few cells, one of which differentiates into the egg cell are contained in the ovule and enclosed in the megasporophyll or carpel.

Antheridia are present in the gametophyte phase of cryptogams like bryophytes and ferns.In gymnosperms and angiosperms, the male gametophytes have been reduced to pollen grains and in most of these the antheridia have been reduced to a single generative cell with in the pollen grain.

In the pteridophytes 'ovules' are not formed. The egg cell divides and redivides in the 'archegonia' and just forms a baby plant.
it is , however, surmised that the now extinct 'seed ferns' were primitive ferns that had incipient 'seeds'. Pteridiphytes are thus considered to be ancesters of the 'seed plants'.

Ephedrine is obtained from the plant Ephedra sinica and other members of the genus Ephedra. Raw materials for the manufacture of ephedrine and traditional Chinese medicines are produced in China on a large scale.....

In gymnosperms pollination only occurs by wind i.e pollination is anemophilous. During pollination, pollen grains are blown by the wind to land on the female cones. Also during pollination, the pollen grains are transferred directly to the ovule as the ovules are exposed directly on the surface. Hence, pollination is not stigmatic but micropylar (micropyle being a small opening in the surface of the ovule).

So, the correct answer is 'Anemophilous- micropylar'.

Turpentine is the volatile oil distilled from pine resin, which itself is obtained by tapping trees of the genus Pinus. The solid material left behind after distillation is known as rosin.

Conifers are a magnificent group of gymnosperm plants that produce seeds without fruit or flowers. They include some incredible trees, such as the 'Giant Sequoias' of North America, that can grow over 110 m tall.
The conifers are by far the largest group of gymnosperms with around 630 species worldwide of a total approximation of around 860 species. The word 'conifer' is Latin for 'cone bearing', because conifers produce cones within which they produce pollen (male cone) and grow seeds (female cone).
Conifers are all woody plants, mostly trees and a few shrubby species, they have either needle-like or scale-like leaves and most species are evergreen. They include the economically important pines and many other timber species that are exploited for use in construction and paper.

Tracheophyta is division comprising plants that have vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) through which water and nutrients are transported. The division includes the subdivisions pteridophyta (spore-bearing vascular plants) and Spermatophyta (seed-bearing plants). Tracheophyta can be broken down into three classes: ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Angiosperms are vascular plants. They have stems, roots, and leaves. Unlike gymnosperms such as conifers and cycads, angiosperms seeds are found in a flower. The gymnosperms, also known as Acro Gymnospermae, are a group of seed-producing plants that include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. Pteridophyta, are vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce and disperse via spores. Because they produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are referred to as cryptogams. 
So, the correct answer is "All of the above".

Gymnosperms grow in cold and dry climates and they don't have need for water as compared to angiosperms and the second reason is that they didn't evolve to have vessels and vessels are considered as an advanced element of xylem but exceptionally the order gnetales (considered as advanced gymnosperms) have vessels in their xylems. So, it resembles angiosperms.

The term 'living fossils' refers to plants or animals that closely resemble any fossil species.
Psilotum of the order Psilotales shows essentially primitive features. While the plants are rootless, the development from the zygote accounts for its primitiveness. The plant body is unspecialized anatomically and the sporophyte is a primitive simple thallus with main axis weakly differentiated into underground rhizome and leafy aerial shoot. The Ginkgoes with their earliest earliest representatives being found in rocks of Permian age some 280 million years old are the earlier line of plants. However, Ginkgo is a tree that is even today grown as an ornamental tree as well as for herbal medicine and is hence considered as the living fossil. Cycas plants which have remained unchanged for the past 300 million years are also called a living fossil.

Herterospory started from some pteridophytes to la... morestbut gynosmperm is the last group having Archegoniaso option B ic corrrect.

A pollen tube releases two sperm cells into an unfertilized ovule. 2: Double fertilization occurs when one sperm cell fuses with the egg to produce a zygote, and the other sperm cell fuses with the two polar nuclei to make the endosperm. 3: After double fertilization, a seed and fruit develop.

Sequoia (Father of forest) also known as, the Red Wood/Sherman tree, belongs to coniferales. So, the correct answer is Option C.

Gymnosperms are perrenial trees ,shrubs and Woody ... morelarge trees and therefore, herbs are absent.gymnosperms include cycads (Cycas, Dioon,. Zamia)  is a tropical genus, and most species are lianas.

Flowering plant. The flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approximately 13,164 known genera and c. 369,000 known species. Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants.

Its an exception , although Ginkgo biloba belongs ... moreto higher gymnosperms but its male gametes are motile.

Option C male gametes of cycas are multiciliated/multiflagellated.