Biology Test 334

After the formation of the product in the bioreactor it undergoes some processes before a finished product is ready for marketing The process includes separation and purification of products which are collectively called downstream processing.

A test cross involves crossing an individual of unknown genotype (but showing the dominant phenotype) with a homozygous recessive individual. This cross can help determine whether the individual with the dominant phenotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.

Ligase is a class of enzymes that catalyse the formation of covalent bonds using the energy released by the cleavage of ATP. Ligases are important in the synthesis and repair of many biological molecules, including DNA ligase and used in genetic engineering to insert foreign DNA into cloning vectors.

In a monohybrid cross involving a single trait, the expected genotypic ratio in the F₂ generation is 1 : 2 : 1. This ratio represents the distribution of homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes, respectively.

Higher taxonomic categories, like phylum, encompass a broader diversity of organisms, sharing more general characteristics compared to the more specific and closely related organisms grouped within lower categories like species and genus. This reflects the hierarchical nature of biological classification, where each ascending level represents a broader grouping based on less specific shared traits.

ELISA (Enzyme linked immune-Sorbent assay) is a widely used diagnostic test. The ELISA test is based on antigen-antibody and enzyme-substrate interactions. Infection by pathogen can be detected by the presence of antigens (proteins, glycoproteins) or by detecting the antibodies synthesized against the pathogen.

It would help in early diagnosis of the infection. It can be used for the detection of AIDS, tuberculosis, etc.

The incorrect match here is Option C. The genus is not the highest level of classification; it is a level that groups species based on close similarities and common ancestry. The highest level of classification in the biological hierarchy is the kingdom, followed by phylum, class, order, family, genus, and then species. This hierarchical system allows for the organization of the vast diversity of life into a structured framework.

Fungi can reproduce sexually, and this process often involves the formation of spores. However, the initial step in sexual reproduction is the fusion of hyphae from two different mating types, leading to the formation of a zygote that eventually produces spores. While both statements are true, the reason does not directly explain the assertion, making Option B correct.

A tumour-inducing plasmid (Ti plasmid) is a plasmid found in pathogenic species of Agrobacterium. Ti plasmid contains a region called T-DNA which is replaced by our gene of interest (nematode specific genes) and Agrobacterium is then allowed to infect the tobacco plant. When Agrobacterium infects the tobacco plant, our gene of interest (nematode specific genes) also gets inserted in tobacco.

The primary function of the cell wall in plant cells is to provide structural support and protection. It helps maintain the shape of the cell, protects against mechanical stress, and prevents excessive water uptake through osmosis.