Nuclei Test - 4

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:

India’s atomic energy programme :

The atomic energy programme in India was launched around the time of independence under the leadership of Homi J. Bhabha (1909-1966). An early historic achievement was the design and construction of the first nuclear reactor in India (named Apsara) which went critical on August 4, 1956. India indigenously designed and constructed plutonium plant at Trombay, which ushered in the technology of fuel reprocessing (separating useful fissile and fertile nuclear materials from the spent fuel of a reactor). Research reactors that have been subsequently commissioned include ZERLINA, PURNIMA (I, II and III), DHRUVA and KAMINI. KAMINI is the country’s first large research reactor that uses U-233 as fuel. The main objectives of the Indian Atomic Energy programme are to provide safe and reliable electric power for the country’s social and economic progress and to be self reliant in all aspects of nuclear technology. Exploration of atomic minerals in India undertaken since the early fifties has indicated that India has limited reserves of uranium, but fairly abundant reserves of thorium. Accordingly, our country has adopted a three stage strategy of nuclear power generation. The first stage involves the use of natural uranium as a fuel, with heavy water as moderator. The Plutonium- 239 obtained from reprocessing of the discharged fuel from the reactors then serves as a fuel for the second stage — the fast breeder reactors. They are so called because they use fast neutrons for sustaining the chain reaction (hence no moderator is needed) and, besides generating power, also breed more fissile species (plutonium) than they consume. The third stage, most significant in the long term, involves using fast breeder reactors to produce fissile Uranium-233 from Thorium-232 and to build power reactors based on them.

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:

India’s atomic energy programme :

The atomic energy programme in India was launched around the time of independence under the leadership of Homi J. Bhabha (1909-1966). An early historic achievement was the design and construction of the first nuclear reactor in India (named Apsara) which went critical on August 4, 1956. India indigenously designed and constructed plutonium plant at Trombay, which ushered in the technology of fuel reprocessing (separating useful fissile and fertile nuclear materials from the spent fuel of a reactor). Research reactors that have been subsequently commissioned include ZERLINA, PURNIMA (I, II and III), DHRUVA and KAMINI. KAMINI is the country’s first large research reactor that uses U-233 as fuel. The main objectives of the Indian Atomic Energy programme are to provide safe and reliable electric power for the country’s social and economic progress and to be self reliant in all aspects of nuclear technology. Exploration of atomic minerals in India undertaken since the early fifties has indicated that India has limited reserves of uranium, but fairly abundant reserves of thorium. Accordingly, our country has adopted a three stage strategy of nuclear power generation. The first stage involves the use of natural uranium as a fuel, with heavy water as moderator. The Plutonium- 239 obtained from reprocessing of the discharged fuel from the reactors then serves as a fuel for the second stage — the fast breeder reactors. They are so called because they use fast neutrons for sustaining the chain reaction (hence no moderator is needed) and, besides generating power, also breed more fissile species (plutonium) than they consume. The third stage, most significant in the long term, involves using fast breeder reactors to produce fissile Uranium-233 from Thorium-232 and to build power reactors based on them.

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:

India’s atomic energy programme :

The atomic energy programme in India was launched around the time of independence under the leadership of Homi J. Bhabha (1909-1966). An early historic achievement was the design and construction of the first nuclear reactor in India (named Apsara) which went critical on August 4, 1956. India indigenously designed and constructed plutonium plant at Trombay, which ushered in the technology of fuel reprocessing (separating useful fissile and fertile nuclear materials from the spent fuel of a reactor). Research reactors that have been subsequently commissioned include ZERLINA, PURNIMA (I, II and III), DHRUVA and KAMINI. KAMINI is the country’s first large research reactor that uses U-233 as fuel. The main objectives of the Indian Atomic Energy programme are to provide safe and reliable electric power for the country’s social and economic progress and to be self reliant in all aspects of nuclear technology. Exploration of atomic minerals in India undertaken since the early fifties has indicated that India has limited reserves of uranium, but fairly abundant reserves of thorium. Accordingly, our country has adopted a three stage strategy of nuclear power generation. The first stage involves the use of natural uranium as a fuel, with heavy water as moderator. The Plutonium- 239 obtained from reprocessing of the discharged fuel from the reactors then serves as a fuel for the second stage — the fast breeder reactors. They are so called because they use fast neutrons for sustaining the chain reaction (hence no moderator is needed) and, besides generating power, also breed more fissile species (plutonium) than they consume. The third stage, most significant in the long term, involves using fast breeder reactors to produce fissile Uranium-233 from Thorium-232 and to build power reactors based on them.

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:

India’s atomic energy programme :

The atomic energy programme in India was launched around the time of independence under the leadership of Homi J. Bhabha (1909-1966). An early historic achievement was the design and construction of the first nuclear reactor in India (named Apsara) which went critical on August 4, 1956. India indigenously designed and constructed plutonium plant at Trombay, which ushered in the technology of fuel reprocessing (separating useful fissile and fertile nuclear materials from the spent fuel of a reactor). Research reactors that have been subsequently commissioned include ZERLINA, PURNIMA (I, II and III), DHRUVA and KAMINI. KAMINI is the country’s first large research reactor that uses U-233 as fuel. The main objectives of the Indian Atomic Energy programme are to provide safe and reliable electric power for the country’s social and economic progress and to be self reliant in all aspects of nuclear technology. Exploration of atomic minerals in India undertaken since the early fifties has indicated that India has limited reserves of uranium, but fairly abundant reserves of thorium. Accordingly, our country has adopted a three stage strategy of nuclear power generation. The first stage involves the use of natural uranium as a fuel, with heavy water as moderator. The Plutonium- 239 obtained from reprocessing of the discharged fuel from the reactors then serves as a fuel for the second stage — the fast breeder reactors. They are so called because they use fast neutrons for sustaining the chain reaction (hence no moderator is needed) and, besides generating power, also breed more fissile species (plutonium) than they consume. The third stage, most significant in the long term, involves using fast breeder reactors to produce fissile Uranium-233 from Thorium-232 and to build power reactors based on them.

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:

India’s atomic energy programme :

The atomic energy programme in India was launched around the time of independence under the leadership of Homi J. Bhabha (1909-1966). An early historic achievement was the design and construction of the first nuclear reactor in India (named Apsara) which went critical on August 4, 1956. India indigenously designed and constructed plutonium plant at Trombay, which ushered in the technology of fuel reprocessing (separating useful fissile and fertile nuclear materials from the spent fuel of a reactor). Research reactors that have been subsequently commissioned include ZERLINA, PURNIMA (I, II and III), DHRUVA and KAMINI. KAMINI is the country’s first large research reactor that uses U-233 as fuel. The main objectives of the Indian Atomic Energy programme are to provide safe and reliable electric power for the country’s social and economic progress and to be self reliant in all aspects of nuclear technology. Exploration of atomic minerals in India undertaken since the early fifties has indicated that India has limited reserves of uranium, but fairly abundant reserves of thorium. Accordingly, our country has adopted a three stage strategy of nuclear power generation. The first stage involves the use of natural uranium as a fuel, with heavy water as moderator. The Plutonium- 239 obtained from reprocessing of the discharged fuel from the reactors then serves as a fuel for the second stage — the fast breeder reactors. They are so called because they use fast neutrons for sustaining the chain reaction (hence no moderator is needed) and, besides generating power, also breed more fissile species (plutonium) than they consume. The third stage, most significant in the long term, involves using fast breeder reactors to produce fissile Uranium-233 from Thorium-232 and to build power reactors based on them.

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:

Grand Unification Theory :

There are four fundamental forces in the universe :

Gravitational force
Electromagnetic force
The weak nuclear force
The strong nuclear force

The weak and strong forces are effective only over a very short range and dominate only at the level of subatomic particles.

Gravitational force and Electromagnetic force have infinite range.
The Four Fundamental Forces and their strengths

(i) Gravitational Force – Weakest force; but has infinite range.

(ii) Weak Nuclear Force – Next weakest; but short range.

(iii) Electromagnetic Force – Stronger, with infinite range.

(iv) Strong Nuclear Force – Strongest; but short range.

Unification :

The weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force have been unified under the Standard Electroweak Theory, (Glashow, Weinberg and Salaam were awarded the Nobel Prize for this in 1979).

Grand unification theories attempt to treat both strong nuclear force and electroweak force under the same mathematical structure. l Theories that add gravitational force to the mix and try to unify all four fundamental forces into a single force are called Super Unified Theories. It has not yet been successful.

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:

Grand Unification Theory :

There are four fundamental forces in the universe :

Gravitational force
Electromagnetic force
The weak nuclear force
The strong nuclear force

The weak and strong forces are effective only over a very short range and dominate only at the level of subatomic particles.

Gravitational force and Electromagnetic force have infinite range.
The Four Fundamental Forces and their strengths

(i) Gravitational Force – Weakest force; but has infinite range.

(ii) Weak Nuclear Force – Next weakest; but short range.

(iii) Electromagnetic Force – Stronger, with infinite range.

(iv) Strong Nuclear Force – Strongest; but short range.

Unification :

The weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force have been unified under the Standard Electroweak Theory, (Glashow, Weinberg and Salaam were awarded the Nobel Prize for this in 1979).

Grand unification theories attempt to treat both strong nuclear force and electroweak force under the same mathematical structure. l Theories that add gravitational force to the mix and try to unify all four fundamental forces into a single force are called Super Unified Theories. It has not yet been successful.

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:

Grand Unification Theory :

There are four fundamental forces in the universe :

Gravitational force
Electromagnetic force
The weak nuclear force
The strong nuclear force

The weak and strong forces are effective only over a very short range and dominate only at the level of subatomic particles.

Gravitational force and Electromagnetic force have infinite range.
The Four Fundamental Forces and their strengths

(i) Gravitational Force – Weakest force; but has infinite range.

(ii) Weak Nuclear Force – Next weakest; but short range.

(iii) Electromagnetic Force – Stronger, with infinite range.

(iv) Strong Nuclear Force – Strongest; but short range.

Unification :

The weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force have been unified under the Standard Electroweak Theory, (Glashow, Weinberg and Salaam were awarded the Nobel Prize for this in 1979).

Grand unification theories attempt to treat both strong nuclear force and electroweak force under the same mathematical structure. l Theories that add gravitational force to the mix and try to unify all four fundamental forces into a single force are called Super Unified Theories. It has not yet been successful.

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:

Grand Unification Theory :

There are four fundamental forces in the universe :

Gravitational force
Electromagnetic force
The weak nuclear force
The strong nuclear force

The weak and strong forces are effective only over a very short range and dominate only at the level of subatomic particles.

Gravitational force and Electromagnetic force have infinite range.
The Four Fundamental Forces and their strengths

(i) Gravitational Force – Weakest force; but has infinite range.

(ii) Weak Nuclear Force – Next weakest; but short range.

(iii) Electromagnetic Force – Stronger, with infinite range.

(iv) Strong Nuclear Force – Strongest; but short range.

Unification :

The weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force have been unified under the Standard Electroweak Theory, (Glashow, Weinberg and Salaam were awarded the Nobel Prize for this in 1979).

Grand unification theories attempt to treat both strong nuclear force and electroweak force under the same mathematical structure. l Theories that add gravitational force to the mix and try to unify all four fundamental forces into a single force are called Super Unified Theories. It has not yet been successful.

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:

Grand Unification Theory :

There are four fundamental forces in the universe :

Gravitational force
Electromagnetic force
The weak nuclear force
The strong nuclear force

The weak and strong forces are effective only over a very short range and dominate only at the level of subatomic particles.

Gravitational force and Electromagnetic force have infinite range.
The Four Fundamental Forces and their strengths

(i) Gravitational Force – Weakest force; but has infinite range.

(ii) Weak Nuclear Force – Next weakest; but short range.

(iii) Electromagnetic Force – Stronger, with infinite range.

(iv) Strong Nuclear Force – Strongest; but short range.

Unification :

The weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force have been unified under the Standard Electroweak Theory, (Glashow, Weinberg and Salaam were awarded the Nobel Prize for this in 1979).

Grand unification theories attempt to treat both strong nuclear force and electroweak force under the same mathematical structure. l Theories that add gravitational force to the mix and try to unify all four fundamental forces into a single force are called Super Unified Theories. It has not yet been successful.

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

Neutrons and protons are identical particle in the sense that their masses are nearly the same and the force, called nuclear force, does into distinguish them. Nuclear force is the strongest force. Stability of nucleus is determined by the neutron proton ratio or mass defect or packing fraction. Shape of nucleus is calculated by quadrupole moment and spin of nucleus depends on even and odd mass number. Volume of nucleus depends on the mass number. Whole mass of the atom (nearly 99%) is centred at the nucleus.

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

Neutrons and protons are identical particles in the sense that their masses are nearly the same and the force, called nuclear force, does distinguish them. Nuclear force is the strongest force. Stability of the nucleus is determined by the neutron proton ratio or mass defect or packing fraction. Shape of nucleus is calculated by quadrupole moment and spin of nucleus depends on even and odd mass number. Volume of the nucleus depends on the mass number. Whole mass of the atom (nearly 99%) is centred at the nucleus.

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

Neutrons and protons are identical particle in the sense that their masses are nearly the same and the force, called nuclear force, does into distinguish them. Nuclear force is the strongest force. Stability of nucleus is determined by the neutron proton ratio or mass defect or packing fraction. Shape of nucleus is calculated by quadrupole moment and spin of nucleus depends on even and odd mass number. Volume of nucleus depends on the mass number. Whole mass of the atom (nearly 99%) is centred at the nucleus.

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

Neutrons and protons are identical particle in the sense that their masses are nearly the same and the force, called nuclear force, does into distinguish them. Nuclear force is the strongest force. Stability of nucleus is determined by the neutron proton ratio or mass defect or packing fraction. Shape of nucleus is calculated by quadrupole moment and spin of nucleus depends on even and odd mass number. Volume of nucleus depends on the mass number. Whole mass of the atom (nearly 99%) is centred at the nucleus.

The passage given below and answer the following questions:

Neutrons and protons are identical particle in the sense that their masses are nearly the same and the force, called nuclear force, does into distinguish them. Nuclear force is the strongest force. Stability of nucleus is determined by the neutron proton ratio or mass defect or packing fraction. Shape of nucleus is calculated by quadrupole moment and spin of nucleus depends on even and odd mass number. Volume of nucleus depends on the mass number. Whole mass of the atom (nearly 99%) is centred at the nucleus.