NTSE - SAT-AP-2012

Infrared radiations find applications in physiotherapy and are used to take photographs of objects in darkness.

Work done by a force on a body = Fs cos θ
F = force acting on the body
s = displacement due to the force applied
θ = angle between F and s
Work done will be positive if cosθis positive, i.e. 0 ≤ θ < 90°
When the body moves along the direction of applied force θ = 0°
∴ cos 0° = 1
Work done = Fs
∴ Work done here is positive.

A: A car moving uphill
Moving car has kinetic energy that gets converted to potential energy.
B : Photographic film is exposed to sunlight.
When photographic film is exposed to sunlight, the silver bromide present on it decomposes such that the film cannot be developed.
∴ Light energy gets converted to chemical energy.

In a screw gauge:
Negative zero error – If the zeroth division of the head scale is above the index line, then the error is said to be negative and the correction has to be positive.
Positive zero error – If the zeroth division of the head scale is below the index line of the pitch scale, then the error is said to be positive and the correction is negative.

γ−radiations emitted by radio isotopes are used as radioactive tracers in medical sciences.
γ−radiations being EM radiations have more penetrating power than α and β radiations and are unaffected by electric and magnetic fields.

Calorie – The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water through 1°C at a pressure of 1 atm.
Thermal capacity – The amount of heat energy required to produce a unit change of temperature in a unit mass of a substance.
Specific heat – The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a body through 1°C.
Kilo calorie – The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water through 1°C at 1 atm.

The general formula for aromatic hydrocarbons having benzene rings is C_nH_{2n – 6y}
(where y: no. of benzene rings, n ≥ 6 )
If n = 6, y = 1, then C_nH_{2n – 6y} becomes C₆H₆.
So, C₆H₆ is an aromatic hydrocarbon.
∵ C₂H₆ belongs to alkynes having general formula C_nH_{2n – 2}.
C₃H₈ belongs to alkanes having general formula C_nH_{2n + 2}.
C₅H₁₂ belongs to alkanes having general formula C_nH_{2n + 2}.

According to Aufbau principle, "orbitals are filled in order of their increasing energies". So, orbital with lower (n + l) value is filled up first.
The order of filling of various orbitals is as follows:
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f ………..
Where (n + l) for 3d is 3 + 2 = 5
(n + l) for 4s is 4 + 0 = 4
So, electronic configuration for potassium (K) whose atomic number is 19 is
1s²2s² 2p⁶3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹

Noble gases (He, Ne, Ar & Kr) have zero "electronegativities". In the periodic table, 'electronegativity' in periods increases left to right and in groups, it decreases top to bottom.
So, halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) have high electronegativity in respective periods. Among them, 'F' is the most electronegative.

(1) The electronic configuration of hydrogen is 1s¹
Diatomic molecule of hydrogen (H₂) is formed by s – s overlap which leads to one σ-bond.

(2) The electronic configuration of fluorine is 1s² 2s² 2p⁵
Diatomic molecule of fluorine (F₂) is formed by p – p overlap which leads to one σ-bond.

(3) The electronic configuration of Chlorine is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵
Diatomic molecule of chlorine (Cl₂) is formed by p – p overlap which leads to one σ-bond.

(4) The electronic configuration of oxygen is 1s² 2s² 2p⁴
Diatomic molecule of oxygen (O₂) is formed by one pz – pz overlap which leads to one σ-bond and side on overlap of py – py which leads to π-bond.
So, O₂ contains a double bond.

Shaving soaps contain excess of stearic acid, which gives slow drying lather soap.

The juice obtained from sugar cane is slightly acidic and contains some impurities. Ca(OH)₂ is added to precipitate the impurities as well as to neutralise the juice.

Dolomite is a double salt of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, i.e. CaCO₃.MgCO₃

Given pH of solution is 8.
pH = – log₁₀ [H⁺] = 8
log₁₀ [H⁺] = – 8
[H⁺] = 10^–8 mol/L

Reproduction is a life process. It maintains continuity of the species.

The end product of photosynthesis is glucose [C₆H₁₂O₆] synthesised in leaves and transported to the storage organs such as fruits, seeds and tubers through phloem tissue.

In the aerobic respiration, the complete oxidation of glucose takes place in mitochondria and energy is stored in the form of ATP.

Open circulatory system is seen in cockroach in which blood flows through 13-chambered heart and sinuses (body cavities). Alary muscles help in contraction and relaxation of sinuses as well as heart chambers.

IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) is a kind of natural auxin. 4-chloro IAA and PAA are some other natural auxins. IBA, 2, 4-D and NAA are the synthetic auxins commonly used in horticulture industry.

Cerebrum controls several functions of the body. In cerebral cortex, there are centres to receive and analyse information. Example, visual (sight), auditory (hearing) and olfactory (smell).

Vegetative propagation is done through various vegetative parts (stem, roots and leaf) of the plant body. The leaf margins of Bryophyllum contain epiphyllous buds, which can develop into new plant under favourable conditions.

Embryo sac in angiosperms is commonly in 7-celled and 8-nucleated condition. Two haploid nuclei in central cell or polar cell together form diploid secondary nucleus. In mature embryo sac, this will fuse with second male gamete to form triploid endosperm nucleus.

In male frogs, vocal sacs and ampluxory pads are a part of the reproduction. Vocal sacs are responsible for the croaking sounds in the breeding season to attract females. Ampluxory pads are present on the index fingers of the fore limbs to push female frog's abdominal cavity during copulation.

The major two essential fatty acids are linoleic acid and linolenic acid. These are not synthesised in our body and are commonly taken through our diet.

Meiosis or reduction division commonly takes place in reproductive cells. Daughter cells produced by this division are called gametes, which are commonly haploid in condition.

Vitamin B₆,also known as pyridoxine, is used in the metabolism of amino acids. Deficiency of B₆results in hypertension, anaemia, nausea and vomiting. In children, pyridoxine deficiency causes convulsions.

Given sin A, cos A and tan A are in G.P.cos² A = sin A .tan A
⇒ cos³ A = sin² A
⇒ cot³ A = cosecA
squaring on both sides
cot⁶ A = cosec² A
cot⁶ A = 1 + cot² A
cot⁶ A – cot² A = 1

Slope of the given line x – y + 2 = 0 is 1.
Slope of required line is − 1
The equation of the line passing through (− 1, 2) having slope − 1 is y – 2 = − 1 (x + 1).
That is, x + y = 1.

Herodotus is known as the father of history writing.

Crusades are the religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims. These wars happened in medieval period.

Renaissance took place in western countries between 500 – 1500 A.D. and in eastern countries between 500 – 1800 A.D.

It was an event held just before the American war of independence. Historians described it as tea party as tea chests were thrown in the sea.

'Principles and feelings of nationality' was not a principle of Congress of Vienna.

Bismarck is the right option. The others were not from Prussia.

Political unrest was not the factor.

The correct option is (4). The other options are the causes of World War I.

The Europeans required spice products, which were available in plenty in Indonesia.

Monsoons are seasonal winds. The word 'monsoon' is derived from Arabic, which means season.

Mexico – Sulphur, Indonesia – Rubber, Malaysia – Tin, Brazil - Coffee

Bushmen tribe is in Kalahari and the rest are in equatorial region.

Steppes – Eurasia, Veldts – South Africa, Downs – Australia, Pampas – South America

Except option (3), all are good in fertility.

Chambar project – MP, Rajasthan Damodar – West Bengal
Kosi – Bihar Hirakud - Orissa

The other options are metallic.

The other options are small items of import.

The rest of them are added in the state list.

The rest of the ideals were in the constitution since its inception, i.e. 26^th Jan, 1950.

Andhra Pradesh – 42, Tamil Nadu – 39, Maharashtra – 48, Bihar – 40

It is used to stop the vehicles coming from front and behind (third number).

As per electoral division, it is correct.

No special previlige is given based on birth and wealth. All are equal in the eyes of law.

Based on the UAF, the first general elections were held in 1997

The other options are 1^st and 2^nd world countries.

It is located in Hague in Netherlands.

It is not a reason at all.

Micro Economics – Price theory
Macro Economics – Income theory

It is an economic indicator.

The rest of them are indirect taxes.

.

The rest of them are incorrect because under Zamindari – Landlord, under Rayatwari – directly by the peasant.

Dadabhai – Plunder of economic wealth.