English, G.Science, S.Studies (Paper-1) Mock Test - 2

A comma is used between nouns or pronouns in apposition.

The reporting verb is in past tense. Hence, the tense of the sentence will change from simple past to past perfect. The interrogative sentence changes into a statement when the narration is changed. The reporting verb 'said' changes to asked, queried, questioned etc. When a question begins with a question word such as where, why, how etc., the same word is used to introduce the question in the indirect speech. As the sentence will be assertive, normal word order will follow, i.e. subject will come before the auxiliary and main verb. Hence, options (1) and (2) are incorrect. Option (3) is incorrect as 'informed' has wrongly been used in place of 'asked'.

As the reporting verb is in past tense, the reported speech will also be in the past tense. 'Will' changes to 'would' and 'finish' changes to 'finished.'
Options (1) and (4) unnecessarily add 'would' before 'finish'.
Option (3) changes the tense of 'finish', which is incorrect.

In an imperative sentence when the active voice is in the negative, the passive voice takes the form: Let + object + not + be + past participle. 'Do' is not used in the passive form.

'Transcend' means 'outshine', 'surpass' or 'eclipse'.

The word 'bogus' means 'false or not real.'
'Fake' also means 'not real, but made to look or seem real.'

'A laughing stock' means a person subjected to general mockery or ridicule; an object of laughter.

'Barren' means 'having little or no vegetation; desolate and lifeless,' while 'fertile' means 'capable of growing abundant crops or plants.

"Wants" shall be replaced with "want". ''I'' would require a plural verb.

The correct phrase would be: 'He has flown'. With 'has', we use third form of the verb, which is 'flown'.

Rulers offered patronage to the learned and pious, and tried to transform their capitals and cities into great cultural centres.

The correct idiom is 'call a spade a spade'. It means to speak plainly without avoiding unpleasant or embarrassing issues.

Un + aware = Unaware
The word is often followed by 'of' and means 'not aware'.

The correct maxim is 'An empty bag will not stand upright'. It means one will not be able to work or do something unless one has eaten something.

'Thrifty' means 'using money and other resources carefully and not wastefully'. So, the opposite is 'extravagant'.

'Seasoned' means 'experienced or mature'. So, the opposite of 'immature' is 'mature' or 'seasoned'.

'Meagre' means 'deficient in quantity or scanty'.

'Material' refers to something 'concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests.' 

'Friendly' means 'characteristic of or befitting a friend,' while 'hostile' refers to someone 'characterized by enmity or ill will.'

The adjective 'proud' means 'feeling self-respect or pleasure in something by which you measure your self-worth; or being a reason for pride'.

The answer can be found in the line "Very few people indeed can make for themselves everything they need ..."

The answer can be found in the line, "The surplus he has exchanged with other members of the community, acquiring, in exchange the things he needs that others have produced."

The answer is in the line, "Ever since men started living in communities, they have been satisfying their needs by means of specialisation and exchange ..."

The passage states, "Even in the most primitive societies, the great majority of people satisfy a large part of their material needs by exchanging goods and services. Very few people indeed can make for themselves everything they need ..."

Asteroids are minor planets, especially of the inner solar system. Although asteroids orbit the sun like planets, they are much smaller than planets. There are lots of asteroids in our solar system. Most of them live in the main asteroid belt—a region between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

Ursa Major (Great Bear) constellation is a prominent pattern of bright stars and is circumpolar for mid-northern to polar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Also known as the Great Bear, it has a companion called Ursa Minor, or Little Bear. The body and tail of the bear make up what is known as the Big Dipper.

Loamy soil consists of sand, clay and silt. It also contains enough humus. It has a good water-holding capacity. It is ideal for growing crops such as wheat, sugarcane, cotton, jute, pulses, lentils and oilseeds.

Carbon dioxide extinguishes fire by displacing oxygen, or taking away the oxygen. Carbon dioxide is also very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well.

Hydrogen sulphide is a flammable, colourless gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs. It is commonly known as hydrosulphuric acid, sewer gas, and stink damp.

The process of centrifugation is used in dairies to separate cream from milk.
Centrifugation is a method for separating the suspended particles of a substance from a liquid in which the mixture is rotated at a high speed in a centrifuge machine. It is a physical and irreversible change.

Crude oil can be separated into its fractions (mixtures of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points) by fractional distillation.
Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions. Chemical compounds are separated by heating them to a temperature at which one or more fractions of the mixture will vaporise. It uses distillation to fractionate.

A non-metal atom has 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 electrons in its valence shell. These electrons are not free. That is why non-metals do not conduct electric current. Protons and neutrons, which are present in the nucleus of every atom, have no role in the conduction of electricity.

Bauxite is a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content. It is the world's main source of aluminium.

Ethyne, C₂H₂ (g), is used in welding as it has adequate heat content and high flame temperature.

A plant cell wall is composed of a polysaccharide known as cellulose. Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth.

In cell biology, a centriole is a cylindrical organelle composed mainly of a protein called tubulin. Centrioles are found in most eukaryotic cells. It is a non-membrane bound organelle.

Bacteria and protozoa are single-celled microorganisms.
Most fungi are multicellular such as mushrooms, moulds, and yeasts, which are eukaryotic heterotrophs that digest food outside of their bodies.
Viruses are neither unicellular nor multicellular; they are acellular organisms.

Micro-organisms may be unicellular or multicellular. Ameoba is an example of a unicellular organism; and volvox is a multicellular organism.

Travelling from a rarer medium to a denser medium is like travelling from a fast medium to a slow medium. Such a light ray will bend towards the normal.

A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, while a motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Both the devices work because of electromagnetic induction, which is when a voltage is induced by changing magnetic field.

The S.I. unit of force is newton. 1 N is the force needed to accelerate 1 kg mass at the rate of 1 m/s² in the direction of the applied force.

A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain the separation between the bearing races. The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and axial loads.

The solar cells that are present in calculators and satellites are photovoltaic cells or modules. Photovoltaic materials are those which convert light energy into electrical energy.

In all of the energies mentioned above, kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy.
Tidal energy converts the energy obtained from tides into electricity; hydro energy is power derived from the energy of falling water or fast running water; and in wind energy, air flows through wind turbines to provide the mechanical power to turn electric generators.

Anthrax is caused by a spore-forming bacterium. It mainly affects animals. Humans can become infected through contact with an infected animal or by inhaling spores.

Genetic hybridisation is the process of interbreeding individuals from genetically distinct populations to produce a hybrid. A genetic hybrid would therefore carry two different alleles of the same gene. A valuable tool for plant breeding and improvement of crop plants is hybridisation.

The commission consisted of seven members - four Conservatives, two Labourites, and one Liberal, under the joint chairmanship of the distinguished Liberal lawyer, Sir John Simon, and Clement Attlee.

The first meeting was scheduled to be held in Poona, but due to a cholera outbreak it was shifted to Bombay. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first president of the Congress; the first session was held from 28–31 December 1885, and was attended by 72 delegates.

Banda Singh Bahadur was a sikh warrior. He led the struggle against the Mughal Empire and sacked Mughal provincial capital Samana and established his authority in Punjab, but was captured by Mughals in 1715 and was tortured till death in 1716. He initiated many reforms for upliftment of poor and abolished lordship system of zamidar.

Newcomen produced the first steam engine. This steam engine was later improved by James Watt and patented in 1781.

The battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of the British East India Company over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23 June 1757, under the leadership of Robert Clive. This is the correct answer as the battle of Plassey proved the British supremacy in India.

The First Carnatic War 1746-48 was a part of the War of the Austrian Succession that was fought between the kingdoms of Prussia, Spain, France, and Bavaria, Sweden etc. on one side and Habsburg Monarchy, England, Dutch Republic, Russia on the other side. This war finally ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748).

The All India Forward Bloc (AIFB) is a left-wing nationalist political party in India. It emerged as a faction within the Indian National Congress in 1939, led by Subhas Chandra Bose. The party re-established as an independent political party after the independence of India. It has its main stronghold in West Bengal.

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 refers to a rebellion in India against the rule of the British East India Company, that ran from May 1857 to July 1859. The rebellion began as a mutiny of sepoys of the East India Company's army on 10^th May, 1857, in the cantonment of the town of Meerut and soon escalated into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in present-day Uttar Pradesh, northern Madhya Pradesh and the Delhi region.

Lucknow Pact (December 1916) was an agreement made by the Indian National Congress headed by Maratha leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It was adopted by the Congress at its Lucknow session on 29^th December and by the League on 31^st December, 1916.

Lord Dalhousie introduced the Doctrine of Lapse policy, according to which if the ruler of a protected state died without a natural heir, his state could not pass to an adopted heir. With the help of this doctrine, the British annexed the states of Satara, Nagpur, Jhansi, Kolhapur, etc.

The Government of India Act 1858 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed on 2^nd August, 1858. Its provisions called for the liquidation of the British East India Company and the transference of its functions to the British Crown.

Ramakrishna Mission was established by 1897 by his ardent disciple Swami Vivekananda with the twin objectives of working for one's own liberation and for the welfare of the world at large. Swami Vivekananda founded Ramakrishna Mission to propagate the teachings of his master.

Radical Democratic Party evolved out of the League of Radical Congressmen, which had been founded in 1939 by former Communist International leader M. N. Roy. Roy founded Radical Democratic Party in 1940 with the purpose of engaging India in the war to support the Allies. RDP also worked for Indian independence.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13^th April, 1919, when a crowd of non-violent protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims, who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab, were fired upon by troops of the British Indian Army under the command of Colonel Reginald Dyer.

In the interim government formed in 1946, C. Rajagopalachari was the Head of the Department of Education and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the Head of the Department of Food and Agriculture in the Executive Council. Jawaharlal Nehru was the Vice President of the Executive Council.

The division of British India into two separate states was completed according to the Mountbatten Plan (also known as the 3 June Plan). This plan was announced on 3^rd June, 1947, by Lord Mountbatten, along with the date for independence, 15^th August, 1947.

World's lengthiest written Constitution had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules at the time of commencement.

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is a Government of India ministry. It is responsible for welfare, social justice and empowerment of disadvantaged and marginalised sections of society, including Scheduled Castes (SC), Other Backward Classes (OBC), the disabled, the elderly, and the victims of drug abuse.

The headquarters of the United Nations is a complex in New York City designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer. The complex has served as the official headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1952.

The Government of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry announced New Foreign Trade Policy on 1^st April, 2015, for the period 2015-2020. Earlier, this policy was known as Export Import (Exim) Policy. After five years, a Foreign Trade Policy needs amendments in general. It aims at developing export potential, improving export performance, encouraging foreign trade and creating favourable balance of payments position.

The multi-purpose Hirakud dam is constructed across the river Mahanadi. The aim of this project is to control flood, conserve and supply water for irrigation purpose and hydro power generation.

A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. The centre of the tornado has low pressure, while high pressure exists on the outer edge.

Natural resources are resources that exist without actions of humankind. In terms of the source of origin, natural resources can be divided into two categories: biotic and abiotic.
Wooden house can not be constructed without actions of humans, so it is not a natural resource.

The shifting cultivation in Nagaland state is described as an agricultural system where a farming community slashes secondary forests on a predetermined location, burns the slash and cultivates the land for a limited number of years. Nagaland mountains are becoming increasing barren mountains due to shifting cultivation.

The Aravalli Range is the oldest range of fold mountains in India. The northern end of the range continues as isolated hills and rocky ridges into Haryana state, ending in Delhi.