Chemistry Test - 26

Let's understand glucose in detail. It is also known by the name dextrose. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth. In honey and sweet fruits, glucose is present. In ripe grapes also, it is found in large amounts. The structure of glucose is,

Now, come to the question. We are asked to identify the product of the reaction of glucose with nitric acid. Nitric acid oxidizes glucose to saccharic acid. The reaction is,

All the alkylated benzenes will oxidize to benzoic acid. t-butyl benzene is inert to \(KMnO _{4}\). tert. Butylbenzene has no benzylic hydrogens and hence does not give benzoic acid on oxidation. But as the substituted tert. Butyl group get seperated from the benzene ring due to steric effect and forms tert.-butanoic acid.

Aromatic primary amines cannot be prepared by this method because aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic substitution with the anion formed by phthalimide.

Sulphur cross links stiffens rubber.

To improve upon the physical properties of rubber, a process of vulcanisation is carried out. This process consists of heating a mixture of raw rubber with sulphur and an appropriate additive at a temperature range between 373 K to 415 K. On vulcanisation, sulphur forms cross links at the reactive sites of double bonds and thus, the rubber gets stiffened.

All the given options are correctly matched.

Aldehyde has \(C _{n} H _{2} O\) general formula. Example: Ethanal \(- C _{2} H _{4} O , n =2\)

Carboxylic acid has \(C _{n} H _{2 n} O _{2}\) general formula. Example: Propionic acid \(- C _{3} H _{6} O _{2}, n =3\)

Cycloalkane has \(C _{ n } H _{2 n }\) general formula. Example: Cyclobutane \(- C _{4} H _{8}, n =4\)

Alkane also has \(C _{n} H _{2 n +2}\) general formula. Example: Ethane \(- C _{2} H _{6}, n =2\)

Buna-N and Nylon-6,6 are co-polymers.

When two or more different monomers combine, they form co-polymer.

Neoprene is an addition homo-polymer of chloroprene.

Buna-N is formed by co-polymerization of 1,3-Butadiene and Acrylonitrile.

Nylon-6,6 is formed by co-polymerization of adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine by elimination of water.

Comparision of Basic nature in aliphatic amines in aqueous phase. -

The basic strength of an amine in aqueous medium is determined not only on the basic of +1 effect of the alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom but also the solvation of alkyl ammonium ion formed by uptake of proton.

The solvation of alkyl ammonium ion follows the above order. Both the +1 effect and solvation of amine make basic order of aniline in aqueous medium as

General order of basicity -

Aliphatic Amines > Ammonia > Aromatic Amines

In aqueous solution the order of basic strength is -

Frenkel defect: It is a stoichiometric defect. Frenkel defect arises when an ion leaves its normal site and occupies an interstitial site. A cation is much smaller than an anion, thus, this defect is caused by the displacement of cations from original sites to interstitial sites.

The given reaction is \(a 1,4\) addition reaction.

In the first step, a molecule of \(H B r\) is added to a conjugated diene. Both \(H\) atom and \(B r\) atom are added to terminal \(C\) atoms. This is \(1,4\) addition or conjugate addition. In the next step, the reaction with \(M g\) in presence of ether gives a Grignard reagent \((R-M g X)\) which then attacks a molecule of carbon dioxide. Acid hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid.

The ions \(\mathrm{Mg}^{+2}\) and \(\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{-3}\) combine to form compound \(\mathrm{Mg}_{3}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{2}\)

Total charge on cation \(=3(2+)=+6\).

Total charge on anion \(=2(-3)=-6\).

Therefore,

Total charge on cation \(=\) Total charge on anion.

In the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, two successive reactions of H₂O₂, with bromide and then with bromine, take place. Because these two reactions together serve as a catalytic pathway for hydrogen peroxide decomposition, both of them must have significantly lower activation energies than the uncatalyzed decomposition, as shown schematically in Figure.

Bromine acts as negative catalyst in the reaction. Bromine forms an intermediate (Br−) on reacting with H₂O₂ following reduction of bromine and then to show oxidation of Br− to Br₂ by H₂O₂.

The functional group in Product \(B\) is carboxylic group \(-C O O H .\)

The first step is allylic bromination with \(N\)-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in which \(B r\) atom is added to allylic \(C\) atom of cyclohexene to give compound \(A\).

In the next step, the reaction with \(M g\) in presence of ether gives a Grignard reagent \((R-M g X)\) which then attacks a molecule of carbon dioxide. Acid hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid.

We know that a molecule consisting of both positively charged and negatively charged ions is known as a zwitterion. The number of positively charged functional groups in a zwitterion is equal to the number of negatively charged functional groups. Thus, we can say that electrical neutrality is maintained within the molecule. Due to the presence of both positive and negative charges, they are known as dipolar ions.

Thus, we can say that to form a Zwitterion a molecule must have an acidic group and a basic group. Of all the given compounds, only sulphanilic acid fulfils both the requirements. Sulphanilic acid contains a sulfonic acid group and an amino group. The sulfonate group is deprotonated forming an anion and the amino group is protonated forming a cation giving rise to a dipolar zwitterion.

Sulphanilic acid is a crystalline, off- white coloured solid. It is generally used in the production of food dye and various pharmaceutical products.

Natural rubber has all cis-configuration.

The repeating unit has the cis-configuration in natural rubber with chain extensions on the same side of the ethylene double bond. This is essential for elasticity. If the configuration is trans, the polymer is either a hard plastic or like gutta-percha.