Chemistry Test - 8

H₂gas is used in the hydrogenation of oils in presence of nickel as a catalyst to give vanaspati.

Hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen. So, hydrogen gas is used in the hydrogenation of oils in the presence of a Nickel catalyst to give vanaspati. By hydrogenation of oil, the unsaturated oils are converted to saturated vanaspati. Apart from that hydrogenation improves taste, odour, and preservation.

A functional isomer of Dimethyl ether is Ethanol.

It has the same chemical formula but different functional groups attached to them. e.g C₃H₆O

It has two functional isomers i.e.,

Number of donor atoms in \(N \left( CH _{2} CH _{2} NH _{2}\right)_{3}\) is four so it is a tetradentate ligand. Each nitrogen atom is a donor atom.

In Enterogastricinhibition of gastric emptying when there is acid and hypertonic solution in the duodenum.

The enterogastric reflex is one of the three extrinsic reflexes of the gastrointestinal tract, the other two being the gastroileal reflex and the gastrocolic reflex. The enterogastric reflex is stimulated by duodenal distension. It can also be stimulated by a pH of 3-4 in the duodenum and by a pH of 1.5 in the stomach. The main neural influence in gastric emptying is thought to be mediated via an inhibitory mechanism referred to as the enterogastric reflex. Fats, fatty acids, soaps, protein digestive products, acids, and hypertonic solutions in the small intestine inhibit motility.

In physisorption adsorbent does not show specificity for any particular gas because involved Van der Waals forces are universal.

This phenomenon involves the use of weak Van der Waal forces by means of which gas molecules get adsorbed on a solid surface.There is no specificity as any gas can be adsorbed onto the surface.

First, we have to count the number of electrons in all the given species.

In \((He)\), we know that the number of electrons in helium is 2 but the Bohr'stheory is applicable only for one-electron species. That's why Bohr's theory isnot applicable for helium \((He)\) atoms.

In \(\left(H e^{2+}\right)\), we know that the number of the electron in helium is 2 but \(+2\)indicates that loss of two electrons to become helium ion \(\left(H e^{2+}\right)\), Thusthere is no election and we know that Bohr's theory is applicable one-electronspecies. That's why Bohr's theory is not applicable for helium ion \(\left(H e^{2+}\right)\).

In \(\left(L i^{2+}\right)\), we know that the number of the electron in lithium is 3 but \(+2\)indicates that loss of two electrons to become helium ion \(\left(L i^{2+}\right)\), Thusthere is one election left and we know that Bohr's theory is applicable oneelectron species.

That's why Bohr's theory is applicable for lithium-ion\(\left(L i^{2+}\right) .\)

\(a =\) edge length of unit cell

\(2 r _{ y }= a\)

\(2\left( r _{ x }+ r _{ y }\right)=\sqrt{2} a\)

\(2 r _{ x }+ a =\sqrt{2} a\)

\(2 r _{ x }= a (\sqrt{2}-1)\)

\(r _{ x }=0.207 a\)

Packing fraction

\(=\frac{3 \times \text { vol. of } x +\text { vol. of } y }{\text { vol. of unit cell }}\)

\(=\frac{3 \times \frac{4}{3} \times \pi r _{ x }^{3}+\frac{4}{3} \times \pi \times r _{ y }^{3}}{ a ^{3}}\)

\(=\frac{3 \times \frac{4}{3} \times \pi {~×0.207a}^{3}+\frac{4}{3} \times \pi \times {0.5a}^{3}}{ a ^{3}}\)

\(\approx 0.63\)

Each water molecule can form a maximum of four hydrogen bonds with neighboring water molecules. The two hydrogens of the water molecule can form hydrogen bonds with other oxygens in ice, and the two lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen of the water molecule can attract other hydrogens in ice. So, 4 hydrogen bonds are possible witha molecule of water.

Natural rubber is an added polymer from a tropical rubber tree that is collected as a milky white fluid known as latex.

The monomer isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) produces natural rubber.As isoprene has two double bonds, after the polymerization response, it still retains one of them. The cis structure for the methyl groups is natural rubber.

Rubber is an example of a polymer of the elastomer kind where, after being stretched or deformed, the polymer has the ability to return to its original form. When in a resting state, the rubber polymer is coiled.The elastic properties derive from the ability to stretch the chains apart but the chains snap back to the initial position when the stress is released.

Thus, natural rubber is a polymer of isoprene.