CBSE Class 12 Exam 2023 : Political Science Most Important 6 Mark Questions With Answers

CBSE Class 12 Exam 2023 : Political Science Most Important 6 Mark Questions With Answers

In this article, we have compiled and presented the most important questions and answers of 6 marks for CBSE Class 12 Political Science Board Exams in the session 2022-23.

These important questions have been designed by the subject experts focusing on the latest changes in the syllabus, sample papers and previous year questions.

Book – 1 समकालीन विश्व राजनीति

Six Marker Questions

Q1. Explain any four objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Ans. To promote and encourage sustainable development through International cooperation, aimed at the end of colonization and freedom for all nations, to pmmote international peace and security, solving disputes through diplomatic talks and peaceful means, to prevent the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa joining Superpower led military alliances, advocating sovereign and equal relation among developed and developing nations, to strengthen the United Nations Organisation as an instrument of world peace and protection of human rights.

Q2. What led to the rise of the cold war ? Which incident is considered its high point ?

Ans. Western democracies have always been hostile to the idea of a communist state; the United States had refused recognition to the USSR for 16 years after the Bolshevik revolution (1917). The ideological conflict between the two Superpowers led to the emergence of nuclear weapons, the rivalry between USSR and USA The Cuban missile crisis of 1962 was a high point in the duration the cold war. Tensions increased when a U -2 plane was shot down by Soviet missile. It was the closest the world had ever come to an all-out nuclear war. The deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba by Soviet Union in retaliation to American deployments of missiles in Italy and Turkey led to confrontation with the United States . It escalated into an international crisis. Nikita khrushchev had agreed to Cuba’s request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion like the Bay of Pigs (1961) by Cuban exiles supported by the USA.

Q3. Why has India refused to sign NPT ?

Ans. India has refused to sign NPT as it aims at non proliferation (stopping spread of nuclear weapons) selectively and is applicable only for the non -nuclear powers like India, Israel, South Sudan, Pakistan. It safeguards the monopoly of the existing five nuclear powers. India feels NPT is discriminatory. There is also no clause in it to further stop proliferation/increase of weapons by these five countries.They can acquire weapons but other countries cannot. India believes that there is a need for a total disarmament and safe destruction of nuclear weapons by all countries.

Q4. Mikhail Gorbachev initiated Reforms for transforming the Soviet economy but how did these lead to the disintegration of the USSR itself?

Ans. Mikhail Gorbachev became the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985 and sought to reform the ailing system, introduced economic and political reforms of perestroika and glasnost and initiated changes. He introduced reforms to transform the Soviet Union but it hastened its collapse, lifting of price controls collapsed the markets, the Soviet black market economy thrived, the collapse of the value of Russian currency rouble, rising rate of inflation, shortages of consumer goods and hoarding resulted in unrest among the people, mismanagement of fiscal policy made the country vulnerable to external factors.A coup took place in 1991 encouraged by the Communist Party hardliners . However the people did not want the old style rule and wanted freedom

Q5. What are the consequences of the disintegration of Soviet Union in world politics?

Ans. It led to the end of the cold war and ideological confrontation in the world. The disintegration left open the world space to be dominated by the sole superpower. The world is now dominated by the USA. Emergence of a unipolar world. The power relations in world politics have changed and this has led to the dominance of capitalist system, free market economy, globalisation. The end of the Soviet bloc paved the way for the emergence of many new sovereign countries each with their own identity interest and economic and political relations. new geo- political alliances.Nuclear disarniament andf- new security arrangements have been initiated. The power struggle at the United Nations and its Security Council has been decreased to a certain extent. Collapse of the Warsaw Pact and many of its members joining NATO. Power shifted from Soviet Centre which was Russia dominated to its 15 Republics. Rise of CIS.

Q6. What do you understand by Arab Spring? Did it help in the Democratisation process in the region ?

Ans. The Arab Spring was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. It began in response to oppressive regimes and a low standard of living, starting with protests in Tunisia.The Arab Spring began in 2009 when Tunisian street vendor Mohammed Bouazizi set himself on fire in order to protest for the seizing of his vegetable stand by police over failure to obtain a permit. Activists in other countries in the region were inspired by the regime change in Tusisia – the country’s first democratic parliamentary elections were held in October 2011. It resulted in anti- government rallies, protest walks, civil unrest etc. by the common people. It ultimately resulted in regime changes in countries such as Tunisia, Egypt and Libya.(Not all of the movements, however, could be deemed successful – the end goal was increased democracy and cultural freedom. – and began to protest similar authoritarian governments in their own nation).While the uprising in Tunisia led to some improvements in the country- democratic and human-rights perspective, not all of the nations that witnessed such social and political upheaval in the spring of 2011 changed for the better. In Egypt, where early changes arising from the Arab Spring gave many hope with the ouster of President Hosni Mubarak. In Libya, meanwhile, authoritarian dictator Colonel Muammar Qaddafi was overthrown in October 2011, during a violent civil war.Similarly, the civil war in Syria that began in the aftermath of the Arab Spring lasted for several. years, forcing many to leave the country and seek refuge. The ongoing civil war in Yemen can also be traced to the Arab Spring. The country’s infrastructure has suffered significant damage, and the conflict has entered into tribal warfare.

Q7. What are the three obstacles in the way of American supremacy? clarify? 

Ans.

• The Institutional Structure of America.
• The liberal nature of American society.
• NATO.

Q8. What should be the nature of India’s relations with the United States of America? Analyze the three different views about it within India. 

Ans.

• India should distance itself from America and focus on its comprehensive national strength. 
• India should take advantage of American supremacy and mutual understanding to its advantage as much as possible. Opposing America would be futile and would ultimately harm India. 
• India should lead in forming an alliance of developing countries.

Q9. America’s advanced technology is the result of Indian hard work. Explain in detail with arguments in favor of this statement? 

Ans.

• In the field of software, 65 percent of India’s total exports go to America.
• 35 percent of Voing’s technical staff are of Indian origin. 
• 3 lakh Indians are employed in ‘Silicon Valley’.
• 15 percent of the companies in the field of high technology have been started by Indians settled in America.

Q10. Analyze the political effects of the hegemony of the United States of America on the world.

Ans.

• • Strategic advantage to India. 
  • meeting energy requirements. 
  • Ensuring availability of uranium by the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). 
  • Increase in India’s stature in world politics and improvement in image.
  • Intensity in Indo-American relations 
  • To enter into similar agreement with other developed countries like France. See points to remember.

Q11. The European Union has evolved over time from an economic union to an increasingly political one.’ It has started to act more as a nation state. Justify your answer with suitable arguments.

Ans. The EU has started to act more as a nation state, While attempts to have a constitution for the EU have failed although, its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency. It also has some form of a common foreign and security policy in its dealing with other nations. EU has tried to expand areas of cooperation while acquiring new members, especially from the erstwhile Soviet bloc.

Q12. Explain the role of ASEAN as an economic association.

Ans. ASEAN still remains principally and an ‘economic association’. While the ASEAN region as whole is a much smaller economy compared to the the USA, the European Union and Japan, its economy is growing much faster than all these. The objectives of the economic community are to create a common market and Production Base within ASEAN states and to aid social and economic development in the region. It has focused on creating a Free Trade Area(FTA) for investment, lobour and services. USA and China have already moved fast to negotiate FTA with ASEAN.

Q13. Critically evaluate the growth of Chinese economy.

Ans.

In favor

• End of political and economic isolation in 1972.
• Modernization in Agriculture, Military, lndustry and Science & Technology
• Adopted ‘open door policy’ to 1978.
• Privatization of agricullture and industries led to a remarkable rise in agricultural production and rural incomes.

In opposition

• • Not everyone in China has received the benefit of reforms.
  • Unemployment has risen
  • Female employment and work conditions are bad.
  • Environmental degradation
  • Corruption have increased

Q14. Critically evaluate India-Pakistan relations.

Ans. Socio,economic, cultural and historical similarities in India and Pakistan.

India-Pakistan conflict:-

• 1947-48, 1965, 1971, 1999 Military conflict
• Kashmir issue,
• arms race
• terrorism,
• Siachen glacier dispute.

Areas with potential for India-Pakistan cooperation: –

• Cultural (film, songs, drama etc.)
• Sports fields (cricket, hockey etc.)
• Business (Cotton, Onion, Software etc.)

Need for increased cooperation in both countries for poverty alleviation, deoelopment, persistence of democracy etc.

Q15. ‘Despite the mixed record of Democratic experience the people of all the countries of South Asia share the aspiration of democracy.’ Explain.

Ans.

• Despite the mixed record of the democratic experience. the people in all these countries of South Asia share the aspiration for democracy.
• A recent survey of the attitudes of the people in the lice big countries of the region showed that there is widespread support for democracy in all these countries.
• Ordinary citizens, rich as well as poor and belonging to different religions, view the idea of democracy positively and support the institutions of representative democracy.

For example:-

• India and Sri Lanka have successfully operated a democratic system since their Independence from the British.
• Nepal has transformed into a democracy from monarchy.
• Maldives from Sultanate to Republic with a presidential form along with a multi -party system.

Q16. What are the reasons for the relatively small countries of South Asia behaving suspiciously towards India?

Ans. Sheer size, Geographical Specification, large and young population, growing economy, large military power, ahead of others in technology, important place in international politics.

Q17. Why do we need International Organizations?

Ans.

• To help the countries cooperate for better living conditions for all.
• To help with the matters of wars into peace.
• To cooperate for issues like global warming, environmental issues etc.
• To work on eradication of serious diseases by using inoculating or vaccination their population.
• Help to produce information and ideas about how to cooperate.
• Provide mechanism, rules and bureaucracy to help members have more confidence that costs and benefits will be fairly divide.

Q18. India should be given a permanent membership in the U.N Security Council. Give reasons in support of this statement.

Ans.

• Second most populous country
• World’s largest democracy
• Participated in all the initiatives of the UN.
• Regular financial contribution.
• Participated in the peace keeping force.
• Economic emergence on the world stage

Q19. Why there is a need for reforms in the Security Council in the present world?

Ans. This is necessary to make the UNSC more democratic and give it greater legitimacy to govern, ensuring that the principles of international peace, security and order are respected universally.

Q20. What is meant by the traditional notion of external security? Describe any two elements of this type or security.

Ans.

• Conventional notion of external security
• The greatest threat to a country is considered a military threat.
• Elements of External security
• Protect and present against external aggression
• Asert war
• Power balance/Tie ups

Q21. What does the traditional notion of internal and external security means?

Ans. Traditional notion of internal, security

• The concept of traditional notion of security is linked to internal security. After the Second World War, the internal security of the most powerful countries was more or less assured. After 1945, the United States and Soviet Union could see unity not they could expect peace within their borders in most of Europe. Powerful countries had no major challenge in their borders.

Traditional notion of external security

• The post-World War Era was the time of the Cold War in which the Eastern Alliance led by the Soviet Union was in front of the Western Alliance led by America.
• Both were at risk of military aggression from each other Some European powers were concerned about the violence of the people seeking independence in their colonies.

Q22. Considering the Indian scenario, which type of security should be performed, traditional or non traditional, what examples would you give in support of your argument?

Ans. India has faced traditional (military) and non-traditional threats to its security that have emerged from within as well as outside its borders. Its security strategy has four broad components ie :

To strengthen its military capabilities because:

• India has been involved in conflict with its neighbours as Pakistan in 1947-48,1965,1971 and 1999 and China in 1962.
• In South Asian Region, India is surrounded by nuclear armed countries. Hence India’s decision to conduct nuclear test in 1998 was justified to safeguard national security.
• India first tested nuclear device in 1974.

 To strengthen international norms and international institutions:

• India’s first Prime Minister J.L. Nehru supported Asian solidarity, disarmament, decolonisation and the UN as a forum to settle down international conflict.
• India took initiatives to bring about a universal and non- discriminatory non-proliferation regime to enjoy some rights and obligations with respect to weapons of mass destruction.
• It used non-alignment to help to carve out an area of peace outside the blocs.
• India signed Kyoto Protocol in 1997 to be a part of roadmap for reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases to check global warming.

To meet security challenges within the country:

• Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, Kashmir have sought to break away from India.
• India makes efforts to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system by providing freedom of speech and expression alongwith the right to vote.

To develop its economy:

• • India develops the way to lift vast mass of citizens out of poverty, misery and huge economic inequalities.
  • A democratically elected government is supposed to combine economic growth with human development without any demarcation between the rich and the poor.

Q23. Environmental concerns are unavoidable in global politics.Explain

Ans.

• increasing pollution
• hole in ozone layer
• overgrazed grassland
• depleting water bodies
• agriculture land losing fertility
• no access to safe water
• natural forests being cut
• coastal pollution

 Q24. What is the cause of environmental pollution in the world and how it can be conserved.

Ans. Causes of of environmental degradation:

• Population explosion
• Cutting of forests
• Industrialisation
• Increasing means of communication
• Misuse of natural resources

Q25. What do you mean by common but differentiated responsibilities. How can this idea be implemented.

Ans. Common but differentiated responsibilities:

• The special needs of the developing countries must be taken into account in the development, application and rules of international environmental law.

Implementation:

• • International law for environmental protection should be compatible with developing countries.
  • Joint Fund for Environmental Protection
  • Efforts at individual regional state, national and international levels
  • Research work on common wealth and resourcese.

Q26. Do you agree with this statement that globalization will result in cultural heterogenization? Explain

Ans. Yes globalisation leads to cultural heterogenization

• The popularity of burger or blue jeans has a lot to do with the powerful effect to the American way of life.
• The culture of the politically and economically dominant society leaves its imprint on a less powerfull society.
• Cultural globalistion leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive.

 Q27. How has globallsation Influenced India?

Ans. Influence of Globalisation on India:

• Rapid economic development,
• Important place of India in world politics
• Availabilty of new opportunities
• Negative impect on the status of workers and peasants.
• Cultural Differentiation
• Rise in New Challenges in Domestic Industries

 Q28. Enumerate any three grounds to resist globalisation in India.

Ans.

• • flows of ideas moving from one part of the world to another.
  • flow of capital shunted between two or more places.
  • flow of commodities being traded across borders.
  • flow of people moving in search of better livelihoods to different parts of the world.

Book – 2 स्वतन्त्र भारत में राजनीति

Six Marker Questions:-

Q1. What were the three major challenges of nation building?

Ans.

• Shape of the nation as united(unity)
• Establish democracy
• Ensure the development and well being

Q2. Explain the important role played by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel in the unification of princely states in India?

Ans. Sardar Patel did unforgettable work in context to the integration of princely states in the union of Indian Republic, merger of 562 princely states in Indian union could be possible only by virtue of his political understanding, diplomacy and political ability. By achieving this, he preserved Indian unity and integrity. He is compared with the chancellor Bismarck of Germany. -What Bismarck did for unification and integration of Germany through his Iron and Blood policy, Sardar Patel performed the same with his understanding and diplomacy. That is why, he is called the Iron Man of India .

Q3. Write a note on the State Reorganization Commission and its major recommendations ?

Ans. He States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was constituted in 1953 to go into this problem and to recommend the principles and broad guidelines on which the States can be reorganised. The Commission submitted its report in September 1955. It recommended the creation of linguistic States, at least for the major linguistic groups. In 1956, the reorganisation of some States took place. This saw the beginning of the creation of linguistic states and the process is still continuing.

Q4. Differentiate between coalition within parties and coalition between parties.

Ans. Alliances within the party were seen in India from the very first general elections. When the Congress was seen as a colorful social and ideological alliance. Being of different groups made its nature tolerant. And within the Congress itself, despite the different structure of the organization, it worked as a means of maintaining balance in the system. In the current politics, there is a coalition between the parties, where the parties who believe in different ideologies in the interest of Indian democracy, form a mixed government on the issues of consensus, but do not change the policies of their party.

Q5. Discuss the factors which strengthen the competition of political parties in India.

Ans.

• constitutional provision 
• independent election commission 
• Independent Press 
• Independent Judiciary 
• Multiparty system 
• Pressure and interest groups

Q6. Both India and Mexico were dominated by one party for a certain period of time. How was the dominance of one party established in Mexico different from the dominance of one party in India?

Ans.

• • In Mexico, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) emerged victorious. The rest of the parties were only in name so that the ruling party could get legitimacy.
  • The rules of election were fixed according to the ruling party. 
  • The ruling party often manipulated and rigged the elections. 
  • Behind the dominance of one party in India, the Congress Party was to inherit the national movement. 
  • The organizational structure of the Congress Party was strong and broad. vi) The organization of the opposition parties was weak.
  • The “highest number of votes system” also played a role in the dominance of the Congress party. 

Q7. Assess the achievements of five year plans in India after independence.

Ans.

• Achievements of this plan (Harrod Domar model)
• There was good monsoon.
• Bumper food crop.
• Inflation was in control.
• Growth Rate over achieved – Target 2.1% Achieved 3.6%
• Per capita income got increased.
• IIT’s were established.
• Irrigation projects like Bhakra and Hirakud were made.

Q8. Which were the main problems of Indian Economy at the time of indepedence? Elaborate.

Ans. Mass poverty: At the time of Independence, the incidence of poverty in India was about 80% or about 250 million. Famines and hunger pushed India to take external help for its food security. Illiteracy: When India gained Independence, its population numbered about 340 million.

Q9. Justify the importance of NITI Aayog in the present scenario.

Ans. NITI Aayog is developing itself as a state-of-the-art resource centre with the necessary knowledge and skills that will enable it to act with speed, promote research and innovation, provide strategic policy vision for the government, and deal with contingent issues.

Q10. Do you agree with the statement that ‘The Foreign Policy of Independent India has pursued the dream of a peaceful world’? Justify your answer with two suitable arguments.

Ans. The foreign policy of independent India vigorously pursued the dream of a peaceful world by.

• advocating the policy of nonalignment by reducing the cold war tensions. India did not join either of the two camps during the cold war era. India wanted to keep away from the military alliances led by the US and Soviet Union against each other. India advocated non-alignment as the ideal foreign policy approach.
• by contributing human resources to the UN peacekeeping operations.

Q11. Explain in detail the result of the 1962, 1965 and 1971 war on India.

Ans.

• A decisive victory in the 1971 war led to national jubilation.
• After the 1971 war , Assembly elections in most States took p1ace,bringing large majorities to the Congress Party.
• Conflicts with the neighbours derailed the five year plans.
• The resources were diverted to the defence sector especially after 1962.
• The Department of Defence Production was established in November 1962.
• The Department of Defence Supplies was established in November 1965.
• The third Five year Plan(1961-66) was affected and it was followed by three annual plans.
• The fourth five year plan could be initiated only in 1969.
• India’s defence expenditure increased enormously after the Wars.

Q12. Give any three suitable arguments in favour of India being a staunch supporter of the decolonization process and in the firm opposition to racialism.

Ans.

• • India convened the Asian relations conference in March 1947, five months ahead of attaining its independence.
  • India made earnest efforts for the early realisation of freedom of Indonesia from the Dutch colonial.
  • India was a staunch supporter of the decolonization process and firmally opposed racism, the especially Apartheid in South Africa. The Afro -Asian Conference held in the Indonesia city Bandung in 1955 is an example of India’s efforts.

Q13. Explain the reasons of the split of congress in 1969.

Ans.

• Differences between the then Finance Minister Morarji Desai on issues like Privy Purse.
• Differences among Syndicate and young Turks.
• Indira Gandhi ‘s expiilsion from Congress
• Indira Gandhi not giving importance to Syndicate
• discord on right and left wing

Q14. Describe any six reasons of the popularity of Indira Gandhi in the initial years of the decade of 1970 .

Ans.

• Mrs Gandhi’s miraculous leadership
• Socialist policies
• Indira Gandhi’s grip on Congress party
• Polarization of votes
• Weak opposition .
• Slogan of Garibi Hatao

Q15. Describe the economic and political situation of India at the time of the 1967 general election.

Ans. Economic and Political Situation of India.

• • Severe food crisis
  • Decrease in foreign exchange reserves, Decrease in industrial production and exports,
  • increase in military expenses,
  • Shutdown and strikes in the country.

Q16. Describe how the emergency caused democratic crisis inside the nation.

Ans. Emergency was proclaimed in response to petition filed by Raj Narain to declare Indira Gandhi’s election invalid.

• On June 25, 1975, the government declared the threat of internal disturbances to invoke Article 352 of constitution.
• Article 352 can declare emergency on ground of either internal or external disturbances.
• The government decided a grave crisis to be arisen to proclaim emergency to bring law and order, restore efficiency and implement pro-poor welfare programmes.
• The President Fakhruddin Adi Ahmad proclaimed emergency which became the most controversial episode in Indian Politics

Q17. Explain the main reasons for the Congress Party achieving a grand success in the 1971 Lok Sabha elections under the leadership of Indira Gandhi.

Ans. Slogan of poverty eradication (Garibi Hatao)

• Policies of Indira Gandhi
• Charismatic personality of Indira Gandhi.
• Weak opposition.
• Lack of stable government in states after election of 1967.

Q18. Describe Total Revolution of Jai Prakash Narayan.

Ans. Jaya Prakash Narayan is known for three key contributions: Fight against Corruption, Principle of Communitarian Socialism and Championing of ‘Total Revolution’.

• Jaya Prakash Narayan was the first leader in post-independence India who undertook a tirade against corruption through the participation of youth, particularly in Gujarat and Bihar. He advocated the office of Lokpal against corruption. His principle of Communitarian Socialism views India as a society of communities encompassing three key layers, viz., community, region and rashtra — all combining together as an example of true federation.
• Based on the above principles, Jaya Prakash Narayan advocated transformation of individual, society and state through his call for ‘Total Revolution’. His call for total revolution sought to cultural, encompass moral, economic, political, educational and ecological transformations. His political transformation included the right to recall, the importance of village/mohalla samities in democratic politics, and his call for ‘Upper Ke Log’ to join the political struggle for a clean politics in the country.
• The essence for transformation according to Jaya Prakash Narayan revolves around ‘Man’who could be the real catalyst of change in India.

Q19. Describe any three lesson of Emergency.

Ans.

• Democracy was strengthened
• Many amendements in Constitution were done by 44th amendment 1978.
• Rise of opposition and other parties.
• Awarences among citizens increased

Q20. What do you understand by Democratic Upsurge?Describe about various Upsurge in indian politics.

Ans.

• • The ‘First Democratic Upsurge’ could be attributed from the 1950s till 1970s which was baseed on the participation of Indian adult voters to the democratic politics both at the centre and in states. Falsifying the western myth that the success of democracy requires modernization, urbanization, education and access to media, the successful holding of elections to both Lok Sabha and legislative assemblies all across states on the principle or parliamentary democracy were the testimony of India’s first democratic upsurge.
  • During the 1980’s, the increasing, political participation of the lower classes of the society such as SCs, STs and OBCs has been interpreted as ‘Second Democratic Upsurges’ by Yogendra Yadav. This participation has made Indian politics more accommodative accessible for these classes. Although this upsurge has not made any major change in the standard of living of these classes, especially Dalits, the participation of these classes into the organizational and political platforms gave them the opportunity to strengthen their self- respect and ensure empowerment in the democratic politics of the country.
  • The era of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization from the early 1990s is attributed to the emergence of a competitive market society encompassing all important sectors of economy, society and polity thus paving way for the ‘Third Democratic Upsurge’. The Third Democratic Upsurge represents a competitive electoral market which is based not on the principle of survival of the best but rather the survival of the ablest. It underlines three shifts in India’s electoral market: front State to Market, from Government to Governance, from State as Controller to State as Facilitator. Moreover, the Third Democratic Upsurge seeks to promote the participation of the youth who constitute a significant chunk of Indian society and have emerged as the real game changers in view of their increasing electoral preference for both development and governance in India’s contemporary democratic politics.

Q21. Do social movements helps make democracy a success? Give your views.

Ans. Popular movements are an integral part of democracy and help to keep the democracy alive. The possibilities of deep social conflicts are reduced by popular movements at same time they make the people aware of their rights. The weak and the marginalised sections of the society get an outlet to assert their democratic rights and place their demands. Most of them usd used peaceful methods of protest such as hartals, rallies picketings etc. Popular social movements bring about positive social changes in the lives of the common people and help to legitimise democracy they are an expression of deprivation, common purpose, solidarities and a common purpose. Rights of the tribal population, displaced people, settlement and compensation issues are safe gaurded by these movements.

Q22. Explain the role of women in successfully voicing their demands through social movements. Give examples.

Ans.

• The Anti- Arrack movement was a spontaneous mobilization of women demanding a ban on the sale of alcohol in their neighbourhoods. Even rural women in remote villages from the state of Andhra Pradesh battled against the liquor Mafia and against the criminal nexus between the mafia and the government during this period. They adopted peaceful means of picketing by surrounding shops. Their successful agitation resulted in the complete Ban of liquor in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The Anti-Arrack movement provided a platform to discuss private issues of domestic violence.
• The Chipko movement was an environmental movement to prevent the cutting down of trees and it demanded that local communities should have control over their natural resources. It started in Uttarakhand in the early 1973 and women participated actively by hugging the trees and not allowing them to be cut. The Nirbhaya Movement in 2012 for the safety of women and prevention of crimes against women.
• Mass movements led by women have focused more on positive change in women’s life giving space for women’s voices to be heard.

Q23. Describe any six factors which made the farmers movement run by Bhartiya Kisan Union as the most popular and successful movement.

Ans.

• • The well established farmers of Western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana against the rising price of electricity. They later formed the Bhartiya Kisan Union.
  • The BKU was one of the leading farmers organisation. The four main demands were higher government price for sugarcane and wheat, abolition of restrictions on the free movement of farm produce to other states,guaranteed supply of electricity at reasonable rates and waiver of loans, provision of government pension for farmers.
  • The B KU organised rallies, demonstrations, sit-ins and Jail Bharo Andolan.The success of BKU lies in the method of organisation adopted by it. It helped to mobilize the people. It was an informal organisation but it sustained for a long time and remained stable because it was based on a clan
  • network; they were successful as a pressure group by the sheer strength in numbers.

Q24. Since independence, the politics of Jemmu and Kashmir has always been controvertial and conflicted. Do you agree with the statement? Explain the reason.

Ans. Contovertial politice of Jammu Kashmir.

• Three socioeconomic areas of kashmir.
• Kashmir invaded by Pakistani army as Kabalio people.
• Article 370 gave Special Status to kashmir.
• Matter of Slave Kashmir and of Aksai China.
• Seeking Separation of Economic Autonomy.
• The approach of separatists.
• Pakistan promoting terrorism.

Q25. Describe the reasons why it is necessary to control regionalism for the success of Indian democracy..

Ans. For successful democracy;

• Constraints in the balanced development of the country.
• Bitter Relations between the Central and State Governments.
• Cracks in the mutual relations of states.
• Promote violent movements.
• Hinder economic progress.

Q26. The Assam movement was a mixed expression of cultural self-respect and economic backwardness. Express your opinion on the statement.

Ans. Assam movement:

• • Geographical separation from the mainland of the country and cultural identity was realized,
  • Economic baackwardness,
  • Incrasing number of outsiders,
  • Rise of unemployment,
  • Decrease of business and business opportunities

Q27. In the 2014 elections and 2019 elections, people have voted for a stable government at the centre. Do you think that the era of coalition has ended? Justify your answer with suitable arguments.

Ans.

• During 2014 elections and 2019 elections BJP won majority in Lok Sabha under the leadership of Shri Narendra Modi. People have voted for a stable government at centre. BJP won 303 seats in the Lok Sabha, the biggest number any single party has won in the lower house since 1984 when Congress swept the elections in aftermath of Mrs. Indira Gandhi.
• A coalition government was formed in 2014, while the BJP had an absolute majority, the outgoing government took the support of all regional parties and put forward the goal of”Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas’. Similarly, even after achieving absolute majority in 2019, the coalition government formed and it is called NDA IV government. Now,the goal of the government is ”Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas Sabka Vishwas Sabha Prayas’
• It is also called a ‘surplus majority coalition’. In that sense a major transformation could be seen in the nature of coalition politics which could be seen from one party led coalition to one party dominated coalition.

Q28. What are the merits and demerits of coalition government.Explain any three.

Ans. Some merits and demerits of coalition government:-

Merits of Coalition government :-

• Representation of regional and local parties in the Lok Sabha.
• Government policies can be more flexible
• Better reflects public opinion
• Consensus-based politics rules out the possibilities of majority.

Demerits of Coalition government:-

• Unstable governments
• Emergence of culture of defections
• Conflicts between centre and state
• An arrangement to remain in power
• Government cannot make bold decisions because of a lack of majority.

Q29. Describe any three elements of consensus that have emerged among most political parties in India.

Ans.  The consensus emerged among most political parties in India in spite of severe competition and conflicts

Agreement on new economic policies:-

• Most political parties are in support of the new economic policies. They believe these policies would lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world.

Acceptance of the political and social claims of the backward castes:-

• All political parties now support reservation of seats for the backward classes in education and employment. Political parties are also willing to ensure that the OBCsget adequate share of power.

Acceptance of the role of state level parties in Governance of the country:-

• Distinction between the state level and national level parties is fast becoming less important. State level parties are sharing power at the national level and have played a central role in the country’s politics of the last twenty years.

CBSE Class 12 Study Materials

CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2022-23	CBSE Class 12 Previous Year Papers
NCERT Books For Class 12 Books	NCERT Class 12 Solutions
CBSE Class 12 Full Study Material	CBSE Class 12 Sample Paper 2022-23