The Age of Industrialization Test - 5

After the 1840s, building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment.Roads were widened, new railway stations came up, railway lines were extended, tunnels dug, drainage and sewers laid, rivers embanked.

In countries with labour shortage, industrialists were keen on using mechanical power so that the need for human labour can be minimised.

Within the mill all the processes were brought together under one roof and management. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality, and the regulation of labour.

With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing

European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations.

One way in which new consumers are created is through advertisements. Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs.

By 1873 Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about £ 77 million, double the value of its cotton export.

James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781.

The first symbol of the new era was cotton.

The finishing was done in London before the export merchant sold the cloth in the international market. London in fact came to be known as a finishing centre.