Human Health and Disease Test - 6

Innate immunity is non-specific type of defense that is present at the time of birth. Antibodies are present in body form birth. It is provided by four type of barrier like physical and psychological.

Vaccine is a preparation of killed microorganisms, living attenuated organisms, or living fully virulent organisms that is administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease.

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.

Inflammation at the spot of insect bit is result of chemical released by the body such as histamine and kinins in response to chemical released by insect in the body.

Histamine is a chemical present in many cells of the body especially in mast cells in connective tissue, circulating basophils and blood platelets. Histamine is released in direct response to the injury of cells that contain it and by complement system.

Kinins are another group of substances that cause vasodilation and increase the permeability of blood vessels. Kinins are present in blood plasma.

Artificially acquired passive immunity occurs when a person gets antibodies via injection to provide quick, short-term protection. An example is an anti-serum.

Anti-serum or anti-venom is delivered as a form of artifically acquired passsive immmunity. Since it's not likely the average person will be bitten by a cobra, there is no need to vaccinate someone. If bitten they'll be dead before the immune system can mount a response.

Passive immunization, in which preformed antibodies are transferred to a recipient, occurs naturally by transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta to the developing fetus. Maternal antibodies to diphtheria, tetanus, streptococci, rubeola, rubella, mumps, and poliovirus all afford passively acquired protection to the developing fetus.

The preformed horse antibody neutralizes any tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani in the wound.

Polymorpho- nuclear leukocytes and monocytes provide cellular barrier immunity which is an active immunity. Saliva in mouth and tears in eyes provide physiological barrier.

Since the body is able to differentiate self and nonself and cell mediated immune response is responsible for graft rejection. Tissue matching and blood matching are essential before undertaking and graft or transplant.

If a person has received a cut and is bleeding needs to be given anti-tetanus treatment. Anti-tetanus injection contains preformed antibodies to initiate quick response.

Interferon are a group of signaling protein made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogen to increase anti-viral defense. It do not stimulates inflammation at the site of injury.

Skin and respiratory allergy problems arise in hilly areas due to allergen present in these areas. Allergen induce inflammatory reaction in the body.