Directing Test - 80

Social/Affiliation/Belongingness needs are concerned with Affection, Acceptance and friendship.

Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love.

Non-Financial Incentives: All the needs of individuals are not satisfied by money alone. Psychological, social and emotional factors also play important role in providing motivation. Non-financial incentives mainly focus on these needs. Some times, monetary aspect may be involved in non-financial incentives as well. However, the emphasis is to provide psychological and emotional satisfaction rather than money driven satisfaction. For example, if an individual gets promo­tion in the organisation, it satisfies him psychologically more as he gets a feeling of elevation, increase in status, increase in authority, challenge in the job etc., Though promotion involves payment of extra money, non-monetary aspects over-ride monetary aspects.

Douglas McGregor formulated the participation theory. He gave two distinct views of human being based on participation of workers. The first basically negative,  labelled Theory X and the other basically positive,  labelled Theory Y. Through his theory X and Y he tried to outline the extremes to draw the fencing within which the organisational man is usually seen to behave.

An autocratic leader gives orders and expects his subordinates to obey those orders. If a manager is following this style, then communication is only one-way with the subordinate only acting according to the command given by the manager.

Abraham Maslow, a well-known Psychologist in a classic paper published in 1943, outlined the elements of an overall theory of motivation.

His theory was based on human needs. He felt that within every human being, there exists a hierarchy of five needs.

Self Actualisation Need is the highest level of need in the hierarchy. It refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming. These needs include growth, self-fulfillment and achi­evement of goals.

Communication that takes place without following the formal lines of communication is said to be informal communication. Informal system of communication is generally referred to as the ‘grapevine’ because it spreads throughout the organisation with its branches going out in all directions in utter disregard to the levels of authority.

Man is inherently resistant to change and passive to organizational needs- this assumption is applicable for "Theory X". Theory X is one of the theories related to human work motivation and management.  Theory X generally reflects an underlying belief that management must counteract an inherent human tendency to avoid work.

The communication process involves understanding, sharing, and meaning, and it consists of eight essential elements: source, message, channel, receiver, feedback, environment, context, and interference.

Motivation can be either positive or negative. Positive motivation provides positive rewards like increase in pay, promotion, recognition etc., Negative moti­vation uses negative means like punishment, stopping increments, threatening etc. which also may induce a person to act in the desired way.