Directing Test - 84

These needs provide security and protection from physical and emotional harm. Examples: job security, stability of income, Pension plans etc.

Employee Recognition programmes are non financial incentives. Most people have a need for evaluation of their work and due recognition. They feel that what they do should be recognised by others concerned. Recognition means acknowledgment with a show of appreciation. When such appreciation is given to the work performed by employees, they feel motivated to perform/work at higher level.

Laissez Faire Style: Such a leader does not believe in the use of power unless it is absolutely essential. The followers are given a high degree of independence to formulate their own objectives and ways to achieve them. The group members work on their own tasks resolving issues themselves. The manager is there only to support them and supply them the required information to complete the task assigned. At the same time, the subordinate assumes responsibility for the work to be performed.

Providing a script (agenda) is not a communication barrier in a meeting scenario. It in turn helps to facilitate effective communication. Providing an agenda in a meeting helps to draw the attention of the members present their and effective communication can be taken place by the sender.

Man is not inherently passive or resistant to organizational needs- this assumption is applicable for "Theory Y". Theory Y is one of the theories related to the human work motivation and management. It describes two contrasting sets of assumptions that managers make about their people. It is developed by Douglas Mc Gregor.

The average man by nature is indolent and has an inherent dislike for work- this assumption is applicable for "Theory X". Theory X is one of the theories related to human work motivation and management.  Theory X generally reflects an underlying belief that management must counteract an inherent human tendency to avoid work.

Angry words spoken in a calm voice with a smiling face are most likely to convey happiness. It is a type of semantic barrier of communication as the message or information conveyed by the manager is misinterpreted because of faulty body language and gestures of the manager.

Informal communication is known as grapevine. This is because informal communication spreads throughout the organisation in all directions without following the formal path of communication.

There are many theories of leadership behavior and styles. Research studies have revealed certain traits and qualities which a leader might possess. However, these are not conclusive since many people may possess these qualities but may not be leaders.

There are several bases for classifying leadership styles. The most popular classification of leadership styles is based on the use of authority. Depending on the use of authority, there are three basic styles of leadership:

(i) Autocratic (ii) Democratic, and (iii) Laissez-faire

Making calls on shares is not transacted at the AGM. On an annual general meeting, making calls on shares is not permissible. A company make calls on shares whenever the company demand from their shareholders to pay a part or full unpaid amount of shares.