Directing Test - 85

Advancement is a motivator in Herzberg's theory of motivation. Herzberg is a behavioral scientist. He developed a Two-factor motivational theory. It is also known as motivator-hygiene theory. According to Herzberg, there are some job factors that result in satisfaction while there are other job factors that prevent dissatisfaction.

It is the highest level of need in the hierarchy. It refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming. These needs include growth, self-fulfillment and achi­evement of goals.

Employees must be persuaded, rewarded, punished and threatened with sanctions so that they put in sufficient efforts for accomplishing organizational objectives- this assumption is applicable for "Theory X". Theory X is one of the theories related to human work motivation and management.  Theory X generally reflects an underlying belief that management must counteract an inherent human tendency to avoid work.

In wheel network, all subordinates under one superior communicate through him only as he acts as a hub of the wheel. The subordinates are not allowed to talk among themselves.

One-way communication is used under authoritative style of leadership, where the leader or manager has complete control over the decision-making process and communication flow.

According to Tead, "co-ordination is the effect to assure a smooth interplay of the functions and forces of the different component parts of an organization to the end that its purchase will be realized with a minimum of friction and a maximum of collaborative effectiveness." Coordination can be defined as synchronization of efforts from the stand-point of time and the sequence of execution. Coordination is the essence of management.

Status of superior may create psychological distance between him and his subordinates. A status conscious manager also may not allow his subordinates to express their feelings freely.

Basic Physiological Needs are concerned with Thirst, shelter and Hunger.

The physiological (or basic) human needs that are required for survival: food, shelter, water, sleep, etc.

A democratic leader will develop action plans and makes decisions in consultation with his subordinates. He will encourage them to participate in decision-making. This kind of leadership style is more common now-a-days, since leaders also recognise that people perform best if they have set their own objectives. They also need to respect the other’s opinion and support subordinates to perform their duties and accomplish organisational objectives. They exercise more control by using forces within the group.

Formal channels of communication also referred as communication through the chain of command. Because of the formal channels of communication, superior-subordinate relationship between managers and the workers can be maintained in the organization. Chain of command helps to facilitate a proper communication process in the organization.