Aldehydes Keton...

$$CH_3 - \underset{O}{\underset{||}{C}} - OH \xrightarrow[]{NaH{\overset{14}{C}O_3}} (P \,gas) \xrightarrow[(2) H_3O^{\oplus}]{(1)PhCH_2MgBr} (Q)$$

$$CH_{ 3 }-\overset { O }{ \overset { || }{ \underset { O }{ \underset { || }{ S }  }  }  } -OH\xrightarrow [  ]{ NaH{ \overset { 14 }{ C } O_{ 3 } } } (R\, gas)\xrightarrow [ (2)H_{ 3 }O^{ \oplus  } ]{ (1)Ph{ \overset { 14 }{ C }  }H_{ 2 }MgBr } (S)$$
Product (Q) and (S) in the aove reactions are respectively:

The structure of the product $$S$$ is

By the action of malonic acid in ethanolic ammonia on benzaldehyde in the presence of pyridine, it forms:

In the following reaction sequence
What is X.

Which carbonyl group is protonated most readily in acidic solution, but gives nucleophilic addition by $$NH_{2}NH-Ph$$ least readily?

What is the correct $$IUPAC$$ name for

The $$IUPAC$$ name for $$\begin{matrix} { CH }_{ 3 }CH={ CH }{ CH }_{ 2 }{ CH }{ CH }_{ 2 }COOH \\ \quad \quad| \\ \quad \quad{ CH }_{ 2 } \end{matrix}$$ is

What is the compound called if remaining two valencies of a carbonyl group are satisfied by two alkyl groups