Contemporary Centres of Power Test - 3

In 1978, the Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping announced the ‘open door’ policy and economic reforms in China. The policy was to generate higher productivity by investments in capital and technology from abroad.

The Four Modernizations were first proposed in December 1964 by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai (in office from 1949 until his death in 1976) but were not immediately implemented, as the ideology of the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), launched by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Chairman Mao Zedong, took precedence.

The 'European Union' is officially created by the treaty, which enters into force on 1 November 1993.

Member Countries of ASEAN are as follows:

1. Indonesia
2. Malaysia 
3. Philippines
4. Singapore
5. Thailand
6. Brunei Darussalam
7. Viet Nam
8. Lao PDR
9. Myanmar
10. Cambodia

In 2022, China paid about 16 percent of the peacekeeping budget, making it the second-largest contributor behind the United States.

Japan is the only country in the world that has suffered the destruction caused by nuclear bombs. This occurred during the final stages of World War II when the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.

ASEAN Regional Forum established in 1994, the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) is an important platform for security dialogue in the Indo-Pacific. It comprises 27 members: the 10 ASEAN member states, the 10 ASEAN dialogue partners (Australia, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea (ROK), Russia and the United States); Bangladesh, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Timor-Leste; and one ASEAN observer (Papua New Guinea).  It provides a setting in which members can discuss current security issues and develop cooperative measures to enhance peace and security in the region.

The OEEC was established on 16 April 1948, to allocate and distribute Marshall Plan aid for the countries of Western Europe. It emerged from the Conference of Sixteen (Conference for European Economic Co-operation), which sought to establish a permanent organisation to continue work on a joint recovery programme.

1 January 1981 – Greece becomes the 10th country to join the European Communities. It has been eligible to do so since the military regime was overthrown and democracy restored in 1974.

The ‘ASEAN Way’ encourages an informal, non-confrontationist approach among the member states to encourage consensus building and consultation in order to enhance confidence among the member states. Respecting each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty remains one of the key ideals of the ‘ASEAN Way’.