Forest and Wildlife Test 2

The Kashmir stag (Cervus hanglu hanglu), also called hangul, is a subspecies of Central Asian red deer endemic to Kashmir, India. It is found in dense riverine forests in the high valleys and mountains of the Kashmir Valley and northern Chamba district in Himachal Pradesh.

i. Mountain forests are found in high altitude regions like the Himalayas. They are an ecosystem of mountains.

ii. These are dense forests at a moderate level of altitudes.

iii. At higher altitudes, vegetation changes into tundra or grasslands.

iv. This climate can be classified into three types based on climate- Temperate, Mediterranean and Tropical.

v. Trees in these forests are of conical shape.

vi. Deodar, pine, cedar are some of the examples of montane forest trees.

Mountain biodiversity faces a number of serious and growing challenges. Habitat degradation caused by unsustainable clearing of land results in erosion of fertile soil and increases the threat of avalanches, landslides and flooding. With this change in habitat, rare species of plants and animals can face extinction.

There are mainly two types of tropical forests that are found in the Himalayas - the tropical rainforests, and the tropical deciduous forests. The tropical rainforests are dense, evergreen, gloomy and similar to the forests of the Amazon basin and other equatorial areas.

These forests can be found in the higher hilly areas of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, also in the region of Eastern Himalayas to the east of 88°E longitude including the hills of Assam, West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Especially the Nilgiri hills.

Mountain forests are important in watershed management and risk mitigation, as well as biodiversity and food security. They significantly contribute to air quality. They provide fuelwood and timber for local, as well as non-local users. In many mountain areas, forests are an integral part of complex land-use systems.

Natural vegetation refers to only flora of a region.

The Gir forest is in Gujarat

Coniferous  forests primarily contain conifer trees including spruces, pines, firs, larches, cedars, and junipers. Almost all coniferous trees, such as pines and firs, bear their seeds inside cones.

Sundarbans is an example of marshy  forests