Constitutional Design Test - 7

The National Anthem of India Jana-gana-mana, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950. It was first sung on 27 December 1911 at the Kolkata Session of the Indian National Congress. Hence, Option A is correct. 

South Africa is called the Rainbow Nation. This is because of its multicultural diversity, after different groups came here in previous centuries. The country's more recent history of apartheid is better known. Now people can live anywhere if they have the right opportunities, such as a good education. Rainbow nation is a term coined by Archbishop Desmond Tutu to describe post-apartheid South Africa, after South Africa's first fully democratic election in 1994.

India is a democratic State i.e., the people who run the government are elected by people for a fixed term. Indian Constitution is the supreme law of the Nation. The Preamble of the Constitution declares India a secular state i.e. state has no religion of its own and all religions have equal status in the Country. The Constitution of India provides for Justice social and economical. It makes provisions for equality of all people irrespective of their caste, creed, and status.

The United States Constitution, ratified June 21, 1788, was influenced by the writings of Polybius, Locke, Montesquieu, and others. The document became a benchmark for republicanism and codified constitutions written thereafter.

South Africa is a federal system. A federal system of government has features such as the existence of a written constitution, relatively autonomous levels of government, a constitutional arbiter and linking of institutions, etc.

• South Africa became independent from Great Britain on December 11, 1931, but the British monarch remained head of state. On May 31, 1961, the country became a republic, severing all formal ties with Great Britain. 
  
• After 1961, South Africa was independent of the European powers that had colonized it, but the colonizers, in the form of the white elites that dominated politics and economics in the new country, were still in charge. The country's black majority did not participate in the 1961 referendum, and they had few rights under South Africa's racist apartheid regime. True independence for the majority of the country came only in 1994 when Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress came into power following a multiracial, multiparty election.
  

Since the Dutch began to colonize South Africa in the 17th century, they pushed aside the native population to consolidate power in the hands of whites, whom they believed to be superior.

The new apartheid laws would maintain white supremacy by forcing all South Africans to identify as European, Indian, colored, or African, and segregating these races from each other as much as possible. Non-whites were forcibly relocated to isolated, not visit churches or locality of white areas, poverty-stricken areas, made to obtain permission to travel, blocked from voting and participation in government, not allowed to marry whites, and were largely barred from owning land.

Nelson Mandela was tried for treason by the white South African government. He and seven other leaders were sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964 for daring to oppose the apartheid regime in his country. He spent the next 28 years in South Africa’s most dreaded prison, Robben Island.