Variations in Psychological Attributes Test

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Variations in Psychological Attributes Test - 2

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Question 1
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Which one of the following assertions is true? Galton ’s notion of the ‘normal distribution ’tells us:

A
That if your IQ score is anywhere on the distribution, then you are normal.

B
That as we consider scores increasingly higher or lower than the norm, there will be more and more people registering those scores.

C
That for any of our ‘natural gifts ’(physical, temperamental or intellectual) there will be an ‘average ’amount of that feature, to which most people approximate.

D
That most people who complete a university degree will be at the lower end of the distribution.

Solution

One of Galton ’s contributions was to bring statistical understandings from the physical sciences to the study of psychology –particularly, the notion of normal distribution. Galton noted that for any of our ‘natural gifts ’(physical, temperamental or intellectual) there will be an ‘average ’amount of that feature, to which most people approximate. Then, as we consider scores increasingly higher or increasingly lower than that ‘average score ’, there will be fewer and fewer people registering those scores. Those higher than the norm are those with more intelligence.
Question 2
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In the early stages of measuring intelligence, which type of intelligence did Spearman identify as the underlying feature that contributes to performance across a variety of different tasks?

A
Perceptual speed

B
Individual IQ

C
Crystallized intelligence

D
General intelligence (g)

E
Inductive reasoning

Solution

General intelligence or the g factor was proposed by Spearman to explain the underlying feature that contributes to differences in performance across a variety of tasks. Perceptual speed and inductive reasoning are types of intelligence. Individual IQ is a measure of specific types of intelligence. Crystallized intelligence refers to the diverse skills and knowledge acquired across the life span and was identified by Horn and Cattell.
Question 3
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Which is the case? IQ is calculated as:

A
The speed at which we process a piece of information.

B
The ratio of mental age to chronological age.

C
The number of items you get correct on an intelligence test.

D
How intelligent you are compared to an adult of the same gender.

Solution

While all the other answers are estimates of intelligence, the actual calculation for IQ is the classical formula, IQ = MA/CA ×100 (where MA = Mental age, and CA = chronological age).
Question 4
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Evidence obtained from measures of reaction time, inspection time and physiological changes suggests that general intelligence has a ___________ basis.

A
Biological

B
Social

C
Cognitive

D
Cultural

E
Racial

Solution

The research mentioned in the question above has been used to support the hypothesis that general intelligence has a biological basis. The alternative answers have not been suggested by the accumulation of the research mentioned in the question above.
Question 5
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All of the following represent intelligences from Gardner ’s theory of multiple intelligences except for ___________.

A
Bodily-kinesthetic

B
Cultural

C
Musical

D
Naturalist

E
Interpersonal

Solution

Cultural is not one of the intelligences identified by Gardner whereas the alternative answers each refer to one of the types of intelligence.
Question 6
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By measuring the extent to which identical twins reared together score differently on intelligence tests, researchers can determine the influence of which factors on intelligence?

A
Shared environments

B
Non-shared environments

C
Shared and non-shared environments

D
Genetic traits

E
All of the above

Solution

Identical twins reared together have genetic traits and a shared environment in common. Therefore, any differences observed can be attributed to their experiences in non-shared environments (birth-order, friends, teachers).
Question 7
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Detterman believes that:

A
General intelligence represents an average of the processing of several independent components that contribute to the performance of any complex task.

B
There is a single ability common to all tasks and that differences in this single ability between individuals give rise to differences in ‘general ’intelligence.

C
There is no such thing as general intelligence.

D
All of the above.

Solution

Detterman argues that the performance of any complex task, including intelligence tests, requires a number of basic abilities. In this scheme, general intelligence represents an average of the processing of several independent components that contribute to the performance of any complex task.
Question 8
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The measured difference in IQ between African Americans and white Americans is most likely to be due to which one of the following factors?

A
Bias in testing.

B
Genetics.

C
Environmental differences.

D
Lack of effort.

Solution

For evidence that environmental or cultural differences cause such a large difference, consider the ‘Flynn effect ’. Flynn (1987) has shown that there has been a standard deviation increase, per generation, in the mean level of intelligence test performance for most of this century in Western society, which equates to about three IQ points per decade.
Such a difference has to be the result of an environmental change, because gene frequencies in populations could not change so quickly. If there can be shifts of one standard deviation in IQ between generations that are environmental in origin, despite the high heritability of IQ differences, why could there not be similar environmentally mediated differences between populations within the current generation?
Question 9
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Estimates of heritability for intelligence range between __________.

A
25% to 35%

B
50% to 60%

C
50% to 80%

D
0% to 100%

E
40% to 80%

Solution

Estimates of heritability for intelligence vary between 50% and 80%.
Question 10
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What is the primary focus of situationism regarding human behavior?

A
Personal traits

B
Situational factors

C
Environmental influences

D
Cognitive processes

Solution

Situationism emphasizes that human behavior is primarily influenced by the situations and circumstances individuals find themselves in, rather than solely by their personal traits or characteristics. This perspective highlights the powerful impact of external factors on behavior, suggesting that individuals may behave differently in various situations regardless of their personality traits. For example, a generally aggressive person may exhibit submissive behavior in the presence of authority figures or in certain social contexts. This insight into situational influences enriches our understanding of human behavior beyond individual traits.

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Re-Attempt Weekly Quiz Competition

Variations in Psychological Attributes Test - 2

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Variations in Psychological Attributes Test - 2

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SHARING IS CARING

Question 1

That if your IQ score is anywhere on the distribution, then you are normal.

That as we consider scores increasingly higher or lower than the norm, there will be more and more people registering those scores.

That for any of our ‘natural gifts ’(physical, temperamental or intellectual) there will be an ‘average ’amount of that feature, to which most people approximate.

That most people who complete a university degree will be at the lower end of the distribution.

Solution

Question 2

Perceptual speed

Individual IQ

Crystallized intelligence

General intelligence (g)

Inductive reasoning

Solution

Question 3

The speed at which we process a piece of information.

The ratio of mental age to chronological age.

The number of items you get correct on an intelligence test.

How intelligent you are compared to an adult of the same gender.

Solution

Question 4

Biological

Social

Cognitive

Cultural

Racial

Solution

Question 5

Bodily-kinesthetic

Cultural

Musical

Naturalist

Interpersonal

Solution

Question 6

Shared environments

Non-shared environments

Shared and non-shared environments

Genetic traits

All of the above

Solution

Question 7

General intelligence represents an average of the processing of several independent components that contribute to the performance of any complex task.

There is a single ability common to all tasks and that differences in this single ability between individuals give rise to differences in ‘general ’intelligence.

There is no such thing as general intelligence.

All of the above.

Solution

Question 8

Bias in testing.

Genetics.

Environmental differences.

Lack of effort.

Solution

Question 9

25% to 35%

50% to 60%

50% to 80%

0% to 100%

40% to 80%

Solution

Question 10

Personal traits

Situational factors

Environmental influences

Cognitive processes

Solution

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