Biology Test-3

The Basel Convention is related to the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes. To protect the environment and human health against the adverse effects of hazardous waste. The Basel Convention Annex II identified that waste requires special consideration. List of wastes regulated by the Basel Convention-

1. Persistent organic pollutant wastes
2. Biomedical wastes
3. Used oil
4. Polychlorinated Biphenyls
5. Used lead-acid batteries
6. healthcare wastes
7. Thousands of chemical wastes generated by industries and other consumers

The hormone that is released by the testes during puberty is testosterone. Testosterone is considered to be the primary hormone as it is produced abundantly when compared to others. It regulates the development of sperms and secondary sexual characteristics leading to puberty.

Calcium is required for functioning of enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase.

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is the enzyme which is plays an active role in conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate and \(CO_{2}\) during kreb's cycle. Magnesium and calcium are the elements which acts as a cofactor for the enzyme and competes for the active site of isocitrate dehydrogenase. On addition calcium leads to decrease in the rate of chemical reaction as calcium ions are bigger in size than magnesium.

Activated sludge is put into anaerobic sludge digester for further sewage treatment.

It contains biological flocs that contain bacteria and protozoa for further digestion of organic wastes under aerobic conditions.

Simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flat cells in contact with the basal lamina (one of the two layers of the basement membrane) of the epithelium. This type of epithelium is often permeable and occurs where small molecules need to pass quickly through membranes via filtration or diffusion.

Simple squamous epithelia are found lining the cavities of the body including the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities, or in areas where passive diffusion occurs, such as glomeruli in the kidney and alveoli in the respiratory tract.

Birds are not cold-blooded. They are warm-blooded animals, as they can maintain their body temperature.

Birds possess lungs. The bones of birds are hollow. Hollow bones make them light-weighted (required for flight). Birds lay amniotic eggs (embryo develops inside an amnion).

One Health' is an approach to designing and implementing programmes, policies, legislation and research in which multiple sectors communicate and work together to achieve better public health outcomes. The ‘One Health’ approach is critical to addressing health threats in the animal, human and environment interface.

The areas of work in which a One Health approach is particularly relevant include:

1. food safety
2. control of zoonotic diseases
3. laboratory services
4. neglected tropical diseases
5. environmental health
6. antimicrobial resistance

All these areas cover complex issues that require close collaboration across sectors, stakeholders and countries.

Main objective of production of herbicide resistant GGM crops is to reduce herbicide accumulation in food articles for health safety.

The pesticides, which are used to destroy weeds are called herbicides. Herbicides are used in agriculture to control the weeds. They inhibit plant growth by blocking the biosynthesis of amino acids or photosynthetic activities of plants.

Transgenic plants resistant to several herbicides e.g., glyphosate, gluphsinate, sulphonylireas etc, have been successfully developed the main objective of production /use of herbicide-resistant genetically modified crops is to reduce herbicide accumulation in food articles for health safety.

Peristalsis is the wave-like movement of the muscles to push the food forward in the alimentary canal.

Peristalsis is a series of muscle contractions. These contractions occur in your digestive tract. Peristalsis is also seen in the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder.

Peristalsis is an automatic and important process. It moves:

• Food through the digestive system
• Urine from the kidneys into the bladder
• Bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum

For the commercial and industrial production of citric acid, aspergillus nigermicrobes is used.

Aspergillus niger is a filamentous fungus that causes the disease on vegetables and fruits called black mould. These organisms are used in fermentation processes to obtain citric acid and gluconic acid that are of commercial importance.

Synthetic phase is the correct indication of the stage/phase in the cell cycle.

The cell cycle is the division of cycles into daughter cells through a series of events. In the cell cycle, there are two phases M phase and the interphase. Interphase is further composed of synthetic phase, gap phase I and gap phase II. After the completion of the interphase, mitosis follows that is composed of series of events called the metaphase, anaphase, telophase, karyokinesis and the cytokinesis that gives rise to two daughter cells. So, the second event in the interface is the synthetic phase where the DNA gets doubled to prepare for the next mitotic division.

The outermost layer in the root is called the epidermis. The endodermis has a Casparian strip that avoids water leakage from the vascular bundles and invasion of foreign particles. Channels that connect the parenchyma cells are called plasmodesmata. Cambium is absent in between the xylem and phloem.

Monocotyledonous root contains epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, xylem, phloem and a pith. Pith is extended into the flowering stems and roots. Pith in monocotyledonous root is large and well developed. In monocotyledonous root secondary growth does not occur, because of the absence of cambium in vascular bundle in between xylem and phloem.

ATP is consumed during the "Glucose to Glucose 6 Phosphate" reaction.

In cell glucose 6-phosphate is formed from glucose by phosphorylation and it is catalyzed by the enzyme hexokinase. In this reaction, one equivalent of ATP is consumed in glycolysis.

Glucose-6-phosphate is utilized for the synthesis and storage of glycogen. Its metabolism is enhanced to pyruvate. The glycolytic pathway is due to the action of regulatory enzymes.

Codons are non-overlapping in nature, commaless, and there is no punctuation mark between them. Codons are universal as well, except mammalian mitochondria and some bacteria.

(a) Pomato is obtained as a result of protoplast fusion.

(b) Totipotency is a property of explant to develop into whole plant body during plant tissue culture.

(c) Virus free plants can be obtained through meristem culture.

(d) Somaclones are obtained by the process of micropropagation.