Biology Test - 51

Genetic modification (GM) has been utilized to create tailor-made plants with desired traits, such as increased resistance to pests or improved yields. It has also been employed to develop alternative resources for various industries, such as biofuels. Additionally, GM technology has been used to enhance the nutritional value of food, providing benefits like increased vitamin content or improved protein quality.

The blindness associated with the deficiency of vitamins can be prevented by the consumption of Golden rice.

Golden rice is a transgenic variety of rice which contain good qualities of β carotene (provitamin A – inactive state of vitamin A). β carotene is a principle source of vitamin A.Since the grain (seeds) of the rice are yellow in colour due to β carotene, the rice is commonly called as golden rice.

It is well recognized that the primary immunoglobulin (Ig) of the newborn is the maternal IgG as this is the only IgG to cross the placental barrier. On the other hand, it is IgM which is synthesized by the newborn in the early postnatal period followed by IgA and IgG.

Babies are born with low levels of IgA. Then, as the weeks and months go on, a baby's immune system makes more IgA and the levels slowly rise. But, when a baby breastfeeds during this early period of life, he gets high levels of IgA from breast milk. Therefore, breast milk IgA is absorbed by the infant's small intestine for up to 6 months of life.

Ultrasound imaging (sonography) uses high-frequency sound waves to view inside the body. Because ultrasound images are captured in real-time, they can also show the movement of the body's internal organs as well as blood flowing through the blood vessels. Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT), sometimes called noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS), is a method of determining the risk that the fetus will be born with certain genetic abnormalities. This testing analyzes small fragments of DNA that are circulating in a pregnant woman's blood.

Claudication due to popliteal femoral incompetence is primarily seen in Calf.

Claudication is pain in your thigh, calf, or buttocks that happens when you walk. It can make you limp. It may be a symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD). This is when narrowed or blocked arteries reduce the blood flow to your legs.

The Bartholin's glands are located on each side of the vagina's opening. They secrete a fluid that helps lubricate the vagina. Sometimes the ducts of these glands become obstructed and fluid backs up, forming a cyst.

• Hypothalamus release ADH or vasopressin through the neurohypophysis.
• ADH affects the kidney function by its constrictory effect on blood vessels

Photolysis of water: Occurs at grana i.e., lumen side of grana thylakoid membrane with the help of water splitting complex or OEC (oxygen evolving complex). This step is associated with PS- II of Z- scheme.

Three minerals \(\mathrm{Mn}\) ion, \(\mathrm{Ca}^{+}, \mathrm{Cl}^{-}\)are associated with splitting of water.

\(2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \rightarrow 4 \mathrm{H}^{+}+\mathrm{O}_{2}+4 \mathrm{e}^{-}\)

Conversion of milk to curd improves its nutritional value by increasing the amount of Vitamin B₁₂.

Lactobacillus species are used as the starter for the conversion of the milk into curd. This bacteria helps in the conversion and also produces some nutrients and lactic acid. The bacteria helps in increasing the nutritional quality of vitamin B₁₂.

Towards the centre of the innerconcave surface of the kidney is a notchcalled hilum through which ureter, bloodvessels and nerves enter. Inner to the hilumis a broad funnel shaped space called therenal pelvis with projections called calyces. The medulla is divided into a few conical masses projecting into the calyces. Thus, 7, 9, and 10 are pelvis, hilum and calyx respectively.