Biology Test - 60

Fats provide more than twice the energy in the human body that is provided by carbohydrates or proteins. Fat contains twice as many calories per gram as carbohydrates and proteins. One gram of fat contains about 9 calories, while one gram of carbohydrate or protein contains about 4 calories. In other words, you can eat twice as many carbohydrates or protein as fat for the same number of calories.

Meal supplements in the midday meal plan should provide 300 calories with a minimum of 8 to 12 grams of protein. The food norms have been revised to ensure a balanced and nutritious diet by reducing the amount of pulses from 65 to 75 grams, oil and fat from 10 grams to 7.5 grams for upper primary group children from 25 to 30 grams.

The shorter and longer arms of a submetacentric chromosome are referred to asp-arm and q-arm respectively.

Sub metacentric chromosome is Heterobrachial.Short arm designated as 'p' arm, p stands for petite/short and the long arm designated as 'q' arm.

Chemicals or toxins of biological origin used as pesticides are called biopesticides. Bacillus thuringiensis produces Bt toxin that interrupts the digestive process in the gut of insect to kill them. Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) (Baculoviruses) is used as insecticides for crops as it affects the pestinsect group like moths and butterflies.

Nosema locustae is a fungal biopesticide utilized in curbing insect pest group like grasshoppers, caterpillars, variety of corn borers.

Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood mainly assodium bicarbonate.

Nearly \(20-25\) percent of \(CO_2\) is transported by RBCs whereas \(70\) percent of it is carried as bicarbonate. About \(7\) percent of \(CO_2\) is carried in a dissolved state through plasma.

RBCs contain a very high concentration of the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, and minute quantities of the same is present in the plasma too. This enzyme facilitates the following reaction in both directions.

At the tissue site where the partial pressure of \(CO_2\) is high due to catabolism, \(CO_2\) diffuses into blood (RBCs and plasma) and forms \(HCO_3\) and \(H+\). This \(HCO_3\) combines with \(Na+\) to form sodium bicarbonate. At the alveolar site where \(pCO_2\) is low, the reaction proceeds in the opposite direction leading to the formation of \(CO_2\) and \(H_2O\). Thus, \(CO_2\) trapped as bicarbonate at the tissue level and transported to the alveoli is released out as \(CO_2\).

In sickle cell anaemia due to point mutation, the sixth amino acid, glutamic acid in the beta chain of haemoglobin is replaced by valine. Sickle cell anaemia results in an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin found in red blood cells.

Sickle cell disease occurs when a person inherits two abnormal copies of the haemoglobin gene, one from each parent.

More than \(2,000\) years ago, Anaximander decided that humans descended from fish becausefish offspring are born ready to survive on their own.

Anaximander pondered how human babies were born utterly helpless. He reasoned that human ancestors in the very distant past must have been more independent as newborns. Unlike mammals, which need their mothers to get started in life, fish simply emerge from their eggs and either die or survive. This means that distant human ancestors could survive as infants if they were more like fish than humans.

Vitamins and Minerals are called micronutrients or protective principles of food. Micronutrients are one of the major groups of nutrients your body needs. They include vitamins and minerals. Vitamins are necessary for energy production, immune function, blood clotting and other functions. Meanwhile, minerals play an important role in growth, bone health, fluid balance and several other processes.

Females have two X chromosomes in their cells, while males have both X and Y chromosomes in their cells. Egg cells all contain an X chromosome, while sperm cells contain an X or Y chromosome. This arrangement means that it is the male that determines the sex of the offspring when fertilization occurs.

Fertilisation occurs in the Fallopian tube. It is a process of meeting eggs with sperm. After this, a cell is formed known as Zygote cell which is a fertilised egg.