Plant Kingdom Test 1

Food is stored as complex carbohydrates, which may be in the form of laminarin or mannitol.

Red algae secretes and deposits calcium carbonate over their wall to contribute in producing coral reefs in sea water.

All gymnosperms have naked seeds. Since, Cycas has naked seeds, it belongs to gymnosperms.

The bryophytes are divided into liverworts and mosses. So they closely related to each other.

In diplontic life cycle, most of the part of life cycle are diploid (2n) and only gametes is haploid (n). All seed bearing plants, alternation of generation is Diplontic and plant body is diploid.

Kelps are marine algae of class phaeophyceae. The body of kelp may be upto 100 meter long. They vary in colour from olive green to various shades of brown depending upon xanthophyll pigments.

The algae present in figure is Chlamydomonas which is a unicellular algae present in fresh water. Two flagella is attached to it that help in moving in water.

Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores are known as heterosporous.

In mosses, the lower part of capsule is called as apophysis. The main function of apophysis in capsule is to provide protection and help in dehiscence of mature capsule.

The sperms or male gamete of Cycas are the largest in the biological world. It is top shaped, multinucleate structure.

The chloroplasts may be spiral or ribbon-shaped in spirogyra.

• Diploid is the cell or organism that has two sets of chromosomes.

• Zygote is the fertilised egg which is produced by the union of the male gamete with the female gamete.

• It involves the fertilisation between the two gametes.

• A diploid zygote is formed as a result of fertilisation which includes the 'fusion of haploid sperm' with a 'haploid ovum'.

• Also diploid contains two set of chromosome.

• Zygote transmutes into an 'embryo' which further differentiates into a new individual.

Selaginella belong to Pteridophyta of class Lycopsida and other plants belong to class Pteropsida.

A meiocyte is a type of cell that differentiates into a gamete through the process of meiosis. Through meiosis, the diploid meiocyte divides into four genetically different haploid gametes. The control of the meiocyte through the meiotic cell cycle varies between different groups of organisms.

Haplontic life cycle generally occurs in most algae such as volvox, Spirogyra and some species of Chlamydomonas.

The common forms of Brown algae or Phaeophyceae are Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum and Fucus.

The spore of moss germinate to produce protonema, which is a green structure on which male and female gametophytes develops to produce male and female gametes respectively.

One of the gymnosperms, the giant redwood tree Sequoia is one of the tallest tree species.

Cryptic Organisms includes plants without reproductive organs, flower visible. Most of cryptogamous lacks vascular bundles xylem and phloem but some member of pteridophytes like Equisetum contain vascular bundle.

A dominant, independent, photosynthetic, thalloid or erect phase of Bryophytes and pteridophytes is represented by a haploid gametophyte.

The plant body of phaeophyceae is usually attached to the substratum by a holdfast whereas the angiosperms attach to the substratum by roots.

The formation of specialised structures called gemmae (sing. gemma). Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds, which develop in small receptacles called gemma cups located on the thalli. The gemmae become detached from the parent body and germinate to form new individuals.

Equisetum of Pteridophyta belong to class Sphenopsida.

• Cyanobacteria are classified under Kingdom Monera.
• Protista - unicellular eukaryotes
• Plantae, all members of Kingdom Plantae are eukaryotic chloroplast chlorophyll containing organisms commonly called plants. These are autotrophic/holophytic.

• Pteridophytes are most primitive vascular flowerless, spore-producing cryptogamic land plants, commonly called vascular.
• Amphibians/botanical snakes/spore producing seedless tracheophytes.
• They are first vascular land plants to have independent sporophyte diploid plant body with true root, stem and leaves.
• In contrast bryophytes, the amphibians of the plant kingdom are devoid of true roots, stem, and leaves, with no vascular supply but root-like, non-vascular rhizoids, leaf-like, and stem-like structures are present.