Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Test 3

Germplasm collection is the collection of plant parts or seeds that have all different alleles of all genes in a crop. It can be used for plant breeding purpose in future.

Many diseases of plants are caused by bacteria such as black rot of crucifers. Late blight of potato, red rot of sugar cane is caused by fungi. Brown rust of wheat is also a fungal disease.

Bordeaux mixture is popular fungicide that prevents the growth of fungi. This mixture is discovered by getting clue from downy mildew of grapes. This mixture is effective against plants as well as human.

aphids or plant lice caused damage to crops by making bore into stem, leaves as well as seeds. Aphid’s resistant variety of crops has been developed at Pusa agricultural institute as PusaGaurav.

The technique of fusion of the protoplasts from two different plant varieties is called somatic hybridization. Two varieties of crop that can be fertilized can be hybridized by this method.

Mutation is the sudden change in the base pair of genome naturally or artificially. Gamma radiation is used to create artificial hybridization in plants to create variations.

Green revolution is mainly dependent on plant breeding technique for high yielding and disease resistant variety in wheat, rice and maize etc.

Norman Borlaug is called as father of green Revolution. He has developed highly recognized and appreciated cultivating variety of wheat that increased the productivity of wheat many fold in different parts of world including India.

Rhizobium is nitrogen-fixing bacteria for leguminous crops (like soybean, groundnut, mung, chickpea, all types of beans, methi, alfalfa) in association with the roots of leguminous plants in the form of root nodules. 

These microorganisms fix the atmospheric nitrogen in the roots and make it available to plants, which plants cannot fix directly and makes the soil fertile and also increases the plant health.

 Whereas Nostoc, Azotobactor, and Azospirilum are the nitrogen-fixing bacteria for crops like tea, coffee, rice, etc. 

Plants with desired traits are obtained by hybridization between two varieties having desired traits. Economically useful crops like wheat, rice, pulses are raised for higher yields, resistant to disease etc. by hybridization.

Modification and adjustment of an organism to local environment is called acclimatization. The newly developed varieties of crops are acclimatized in different environmental condition before releasing to farmers for raising crops.

Plant hybridization is also done to increase in nutritive value of crop plants. Wheat variety Atlas 66 has high protein value that is used as donor for high protein variety.

Disease free plants can be obtained by the tissue culture of meristematic tissues present at shoot tips. The newly formed cells are generally disease free and plants obtained from this are also disease free.

The consequences of plant disease are reduced yield, lower quality of produce, increased cost of production and sometimes poisonous produce. It do not produce variation in the genome.

Gene banks comprise Seed banks, orchards, tissue culture and cryopreservation. Genomes of different plants are preserved for used in genetic program like plant breeding.

Mushrooms are eaten by many people and large scale mushroom culture is a growing industry. It is a rich source of protein and other micronutrients.

Anther can yield a completely haploid plant because anther is produced by meiosis cell division contain half the number of chromosome their normal cells have.

Procedure between formation of plantlets in culture and establishment of seedlings in the field is called hardening. Hardening is induced by keeping plantlets under low light intensity and high humidity.

Single cell protein (SCP) is biomass got from microorganisms. Single cell proteins are alternate source of protein in much concentrated form.

Multiple shoots are produced in meristem culture because culture media contains cytokines for overcoming apical dominance.

Out-breeding is the breeding of the unrelated animal which may be of same breed without common ancestors or cross breeding or inter-specific hybridization.

Heavy mortality of fishes within a few days in lake is due to spraying of DDT on large scale. Excessive water and heavy rain as well as change in temperature do not cause large scale death of fishes in a lake.

Honey is the food of high nutritive value and finds use in Indigenous system of medicine. Beeswax is used in preparation of cosmetic and polishes.

Fisheries has important place in Indian economy. It provides income and employment to millions of farmers and fishermen particularly in coastal states. It is an only source of income for many persons living near coastal areas.

All the individuals related by common descent and having a similar genotype constitute a line. Pure line is obtained by successive breeding.