Biotechnology: Principle & Processes Test 5

Ribonuclease is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the cleavage of RNA. RNA stands for ribonucleic acid. It is also known as RNase. It also cleaves the DNA-RNA hybrids.

Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides. It is the sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed further. They come together to form a disaccharide which further goes on forming a carbohydrate. They are the major source of energy for living beings.

Amino acid is the monomer of proteins. These are organic compounds that join together to form peptides which further join together to form proteins. Two amino acids join together with the help of a peptide bond.

Lipid is a macromolecule made up of fatty acids and glycerol. A fatty acid consists of carboxylic acid along with an aliphatic chain. This chain can be saturated (single bond) or unsaturated (double or triple bonds).

Along with DNA the cell also consists of various macromolecules such as lipids, RNA, polysaccharides. A macromolecule is a large molecule that is formed by polymerization of monomers. A macromolecule consists of more than 100 monomers.

The restriction enzyme needs to be in pure form to cut the DNA. The restriction enzymes are molecular scissors that cleave the DNA at specific recognition sites. Restriction enzymes are also known as restriction endonucleases or restrictase.

The enzyme which cleaves DNA is DNase. It catalyzes the breakdown of phosphodiester linkages of DNA. It is a type of endonuclease. Ligases are the enzymes used in the joining of two strands.

 The fungal cell wall consists of chitin as the major component. Chitinase is the enzyme used for the breakdown of chitin. This enzyme breaks down the glycosidic bonds present in the chitin. This enzyme is usually produced by higher plants for their protection.

Cellulase is the enzyme used for the lysis of plant cells. It catalyzes cellulolysis, which is the breakdown of cellulose. Cellulase acts on the glycosidic linkages of cellulose. Cellulose is mostly found in plant cell walls along with other components.

The enzyme used for breaking or lysis of bacterial cells is lysozyme. It helps in the breakdown of carbohydrates found in a bacterial cell. It is also found in tears.